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1. Define the following key terms used in epidemiology:
- Prevalence
- Incidence
- Attack rate
- Point prevalence
2. You were recently hired as an epidemiologist at a county office. List and explain three measures that you would use to calculate a specific disease situation. In your view, why is it difficult to get accurate information about disease status in a population?
3. A study starts with 4,875 health people. Over the next 2 years, 75 develop the disease. What is the incidence rate of disease over the study period? Show all work.
4. In a survey of 1,150 women who gave birth in Maine in 2000, a total of 468 reported taking a multivitamin at least 4 times a week during the month before becoming pregnant. Calculate the prevalence of frequent multivitamin use in this group.
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- 1. Which of the following is synonymous with incidence which assess the rate of occurrence of the condition ofthe disease?A. Absolute risk B. Odds ratio C. Relative risk D. Risk ratio2. Which among the following estimates the strength of association between exposure and disease?A. Absolute risk B. Odds ratio C. Relative risk D. Risk ratio3. Which of the following is related to measurement of reliability?A. Accuracy of scoresB. Comprehensiveness of the scoresC. Consistency of scoresD. Dependency of the scores1. The leading cause of death worldwide is 2000 is due to 1) none 2) congenital disease 3) lifestyle risk factors 4) communicable disease 2. To differentiate incidence from prevalence: 1) whether the event is a new case ; time of onset of the disease 2) presence or absence of a disease ; time period is arbitrary ; rather a snapshot in time 3) number of new cases of disease during a specified period od time/population at risk 4) useful in the study of burden of chronic diseases and implications for health servicesExplain the relationship between the three levels of prevention and the prevalence and/or incidence of a specific disease of your choice in a specific population. What are the health disparities for this disease and population you chose? Which of the three levels of prevention do you think receives the most public attention and resource allocation to address this disease? What do you think the rationale is and why?
- 1. First, describe your chosen public health issues topic. a. Then, explain why you chose the topic. b. Finally, explain the topic’s relevance to public health. (We suggest citing reading and lecture material to demonstrate your understanding of public health.] [Minimum of 150 words] 2. Who is impacted by this issue, and why? a. Include epidemiological evidence, such as incidence or prevalence or population-based data, if it exists. b. Are certain populations more affected than others? c.Do health disparities exist? Explain. [Minimum of 150 words.] 3. How might different stakeholders (an individual or group with an invested interest in the topic ) understand the issue? [Minimum of 150 words.] a. Consider different parties like industry, government, healthcare, technology, various cultural groups, etc. You don’t have to describe each of these, but rather appreciate how any issue will include various perspectives. i. With the Dakota pipeline, for example, the Native American…B. One of the most memorable epidemiologic incidents in the Philippines was the sudden food poisoning of school children in Bohol which killed 15 children while 240 others being crippled. As an epidemiologist, you are tasked to go the place and conduct an independent epidemiologic analysis using retrospective cohort study design. Design a method following this design. Your method must answer the following specific questions: a. What will be your cohort groups? Define your cohorts. b. What questions/exposures will your survey instrument contain? c. How will you gather your data? d. How will you interpret your data? e. Provide a plausible causal narrative to your “theoretical data”Epidemiology 1. True or False: Prevalence is a measure of association used to estimate the rate of disease occurrence in studies of screening programs. 2. True or False: Incidence is a measure of disease frequency used to estimate the risk or rate of exposure in diagnostic test studies. 3. True or False: A number needed to screen of 20,000 would mean that for every 100,000 people screened, 5 would benefit. 4. True or False: A screening program with a number needed to harm of 1000 would be consistent with a risk of harm of 0.002 in the screening group and 0.001 in those not screened.
- Calculating Incidence versus Prevalence The picture represents 10 new cases of illness over about 15 months in a population of 20 persons. Each horizontal line represents one person. The down arrow indicates the date of onset of illness. The solid line represents the duration of illness. The up arrow and the cross represent the date of recovery and date of death, respectively. The picture New: Cases of Illness from October 1, 2004–September 30, 2005 Question: Calculate the incidence rate from October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2005, using the midpoint population (population alive on April 1, 2005) as the denominator. Express the rate per 100 population.Which of the following scenarios is the least likely to result in a decrease in disease prevalence in a specific population? (assume that there is no migration into or from the population) a. Emergence of a new curative treatment, while incidence remains the same as before b. A more relaxed case definition for the disease, while survival and cure rates remain the same as before c. A worsening of disease reporting standards leading to underreporting of cases, while survival and cure rates remains the same as before d. Higher mortality from the disease, while incidence remains the same as before30. The etiologic fraction refers to which of the following? Group of answer choices C. Fraction of disease in the general population that is eliminated with removal of the risk factor. B. Fraction of disease caused by a risk factor among cases only. A. Fraction of disease caused by a risk factor in the general population. F. B and D are both correct. E. A and C are both correct. D. Fraction of disease among cases that is eliminated with removal of the risk factor.
- Calculating Incidence versus Prevalence The picture represents 10 new cases of illness over about 15 months in a population of 20 persons. Each horizontal line represents one person. The down arrow indicates the date of onset of illness. The solid line represents the duration of illness. The up arrow and the cross represent the date of recovery and date of death, respectively. The picture New: Cases of Illness from October 1, 2004–September 30, 2005 Question: Calculate the period prevalence from October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2005. The numerator of period prevalence includes anyone who was ill any time during the period. In Figure 3.1, the first 10 persons were all ill at some time during the period.An epidemiologist recruits 250 people for a cohort study. Of these potential study subjects, 11 are prevalent cases. The remaining study subjects are followed for 5 years, during which time 21 individuals develop the disease being studied.What is the prevalence of disease at the start of the study Assume all of the cases are still around at the end of the study. What is the prevalence now and What is the incidence proportion over the period of observation?You were recently hired as an epidemiologist at a county office. List and explain three measures that you would use to calculate a specific disease situation. In your view, why is it difficult to get accurate information about disease status in a population?
