1. Protein anions have a charge. However, they do not move across the membrane to produce changes in RMP. Why? 2. At the molecular level, what causes the absolute refractory period? 3. At the molecular level, what is different during the relative refractory period? 4. What would happen if Na+ channels opened and stayed open? 5. How is stimulus intensity coded in APs? 6. What effect does AP frequency have on NT release?

1. Protein anions have a charge. However, they do not move across the membrane to produce changes in RMP. Why? 2. At the molecular level, what causes the absolute refractory period? 3. At the molecular level, what is different during the relative refractory period? 4. What would happen if Na+ channels opened and stayed open? 5. How is stimulus intensity coded in APs? 6. What effect does AP frequency have on NT release?

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter39: Information Flow And The Neuron

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6TYK: In the propagation of a nerve impulse: a. the refractory period begins as the K+ channel opens,...

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1. If a single axon is firing at maximum frequency, how does the nervous system know if the stimulus increases further? 2. At maximal stimulation, much above the threshold, how long will it be until an axon fires the next AP? a.The absolute refractory period b.The relative refractory period c.The absolute and relative refractory periods On what part of the neuron are NT receptors typically located? If the activated NT receptors cause channels to open or change thus changing the diffusion of ions, what type of potential will this initially produce A. Resting B. Graded, C.Action, D.Homeostatic
a) What channels are open at 3 if this was recorded on the axon of a sensory neuron? 1. K+ voltage gated channels/ 2. K+ leak channels/ 3. Na+ ligand gated channels/ 4. Na+ stimulus gated channels/ 5. Na+ voltage gated channels/ 6. Ca+ voltage gated channels/ 7. Cl- ligand gated channels) b) What effect would a weaker stimulus have on C? 1. Greater amplitude (height)/ 2. Lower amplitude/ 3. Narrower curve/ 4. No change/ 5. Wider curve c) What term is used to describe the dip at the region marked by 4? What is its purpose?
1. This question asks you about a typical neuron and NOT photoreceptors. As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron USUALLY shows the amplitude of the action potential increases. the amplitude of the action potential decreases. the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus. the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases. 2. An inhibitory transmitter _______ the firing rate of a neuron and an excitatory transmitter ________ the firing rate. increases; decreases increases; increases decreases; decreases decreases; increases
Two branching dendritic arbors are stimulated at the same exact time at locations A & B which are both 10 um away from the axon hillock. Upon stimulation, location A depolarizes 20 mV and location B depolarizes 15 mV. The time constant is the same in both dendrites. The length constant in both dendrites is 10 um. The RMP is -70 mV and the threshold to fire an action potential is -55 mV. Based on the above information, does the neuron fire an action potential? Explain your answer.
1. When a neuron is not generating an action potential, its membrane (the neurolemma) has a resting membrane potential. During rest, are gated Na+ and K+ channels (open? closed?)___________________________________.2. Only cells with “excitable membranes” can create action potentials. The two types of cells in the body that can do this are?___________________________________ and ___________________________________.3. Which event pushes a membrane further away from being able to generate another action potential: (hyperpolarization/depolarization /repolarization)?___________________________________.4. Short-lived, localized changes in polarity in the membrane of a neuron are called?___________________________________.5. During depolarization, which channels are open , Na+ or K+?___________________________________.
Which of the following are mechanisms of gustation transduction? Select one or more: a. Hydrogen atoms activate proton channels b. Sodium ions activate sodium channels and a graded potential is produced c. Entry of sodium and calcium causes the cell to depolarize and voltage-gated calcium channels to open d. Calcium ions activate calcium channels and a graded potential is produced
If TTX (tetrodotoxin) selectively binds voltage gated Na+ channels, and you tag TTX with a fluorescent marker and then you use it as a probe to label voltage-gated Na+ channels in various neurons in the CNS, would you expect the pattern of fluorescence to be different between myelinated and nonmyelinated axons? If so, how? If not, why not?
You have a photoreceptor cell in a dish. You are recording its membrane potential while flashing different intensities of light. Which of the following would you observe? Group of answer choices The cell hyperpolarizes, with brighter light causing more hyperpolarization than dimmer lights The cell depolarizes, with brighter light causing more depolarization than dimmer lights If the light is bright enough to reach threshold, it will fire an action potential No change in membrane potential will be observed
1.) In an experiment you artificially cut in half (~50% reduction) the number of voltage gated sodium channels that are located on the membrane of the axon hillock. Which of the following is the most likely result of this experimental manipulation? A. Summation of more IPSPs would be required for an action potential to occur B. This change would have no effect on the value required to reach threshold C. Even with a very large number of summating EPSPs it would be impossible for an action potential to occur D. The value to reach threshold would be higher (more positive) making it less likely for an action potential to occur E. All of the above statements are FALSE
A specific stimulus produces a receptor potential by :-a- inhibiting Na + influx into receptorb- inhibiting K + efflux from receptorc- enhancing Na + influx into receptord- enhancing K + efflux from receptor
Given what you already know about the sensation of pain, what is the expected change in membrane potential when pain is felt by sensory receptors? Select one: a. The nerve impulses increase in strength and lower the threshold potential. b. The nerve impulses occur more frequently, thereby transmitting more action potentials according to the intensity of pain. c. The nerve impulses occur more frequently and prevent neurons from entering the refractory period. d. The nerve impulses increase in strength, thereby making the maximum membrane potential higher than normal.
If a stimulus produces a receptor in a receptor cell capable of producing action potentials does that faire tee that the stimulus will always be encoded by the receptor cell and a signal be passed on to the second order neuron? Explain the mechanisms in detail.