10.3the fol(a) AB(b) A(c) B10.4 Suppose that a family has five children. Find the probability that there are four girls and10.5 Suppose that a family has five children. Find the probability that there are exactly three10.6 Using only four genes denoted by (N-P-M-G), how many differentboyOneagirls and two boys.geneorders are10.7 Suppose that you want to plant four trees in a plot and can choose from 10 differentspecies. How many ways can be chosen to plant the trees in the plot?there?10.8 Suppose that there are five types of toppings to put on a certain pizza. If you want to haveonly two toppings, how many choices do you have?10.9 In plants and animals that sexually reproduce, each parent gives half of its genes to theoffspring. Somatic cells contain two unique copies of each chromosome, and the twoCOpies of each chromosome form a chromosome pair, or homologous chromosomes.During the process of meiosis, the somatic cell will divide into gametes, or sex cells, eachof which contains only one copy of each chromosome.(a) The common fruit fly has four different chromosomes; thus, in each somatic cell, thereare eight chromosomes arranged in four pairs. How many unique gametes can onefruit fly form?(b) Humans have 23 different chromosomes; thus, in each somatic cell, there are46 chromosomes arranged in 23 chromosome pairs. How many unique gametes canone human form?10.10 Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism caused by the presence of the dominant allele Don the gene. However, genotype DD is not viable and usually causes death before birth.Thus, a dwarf will have genotype Dd, while a nondwarf will have genotype dd. If a dwarfand nondwarf mate, what is the probability that their first child will be a nondwarf?10.11 In Example 10.4, we saw that Mendel's pea plants had two colors of flowers: purple andwhite. On the gene for flower color, the purple allele, P, is dominant, while the whiteallele, p, is recessive.(a) If a heterozygous pea plant with purple flowers is crossed with a pea plant with whiteflowers, what proportion of pea plants in the next generation will have white flowers?There are some flowering plants for which the combination of two alleles can expressthree different phenotypes. For example, for some plants, flower color is determined bytwo alleles, R and r, where RR flowers are red, Rr flowers are pink, and rr flowers arewhite.(b) If a plant with red flowers is crossed with a plant with white flowers, what proportionof pla