12. Our sun is losing mass (through radiation) at a rate of 10° kg/s. Estimate how many kilograms of matter is lost by sun in the course of a human life? 13. Our sun's density at its core (which consists primarily of electrons and protons) is about 80 g/cm³. Express the density in SI units. 14. The lunar mass is about 7.35 × 10²2 kg (which is .0123 of earth's mass) and the radius is 1738 km. Estimate the mean density of the moon and compare it to the mean density of the earth. Any interesting conclusions? 15. It takes 1.769 days for Io, the Jovian moon, to circle Jupiter. Find Io's orbital speed if its orbital distance is 421,700 km. 16. The sun's orbital period about its galactic center is about 2.0 × 10 this period in: years. Express a. Seconds. b. Hours. 10 c. Centuries. Oco 40sin0 17. A typical star has a mass of about 2.0 × 1030 kg and there are 1012 stars in a galaxy. a. What is the mass of a typical galaxy? b. The stars are made primarily of hydrogen with mass m = 1.67 × 10²' kg. How many hydrogen atoms are there in a galaxy? 18. The radius of our Milky Way galaxy is about 10* 1. y., while the radius of the known universe is 1010 1.y. a. How long will it take the light to cross our galaxy? b. If you assume that the universe is a sphere, what is its volume in SI units? c. How many Milky Way galaxies can you fit in the entire universe? 19. Pluto is 40 AU away from the earth. How long (in hours) will it take the radio signal to reach Pluto? (The signal travels at a speed of light). 20. In the following diagram, the sun and the earth are separated by a distance d = 1.0 AU. If the angle a= 1.0 s (1/3600 of a degree), then the distance r is called a parsec (pc). Express 1.0 pc in meters and in light years. %3D %3D Star d 11

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Scalars and Vectors

Scalars and Vectors are the classification of physical quantities that are used to denote various terms in physics.