18. An un-tested (and likely dangerous) non-vaccine treatment of Covid-19. Don't do it. 19. A vaccine that contains a "live" but compromised virus. Typically, virulent properties have been inactivated from the pathogenic strain, or a less pathogenic but related virus is used in its place to induce the immune response. Examples include treatments for the viral diseases measles, mumps, and rubella. 20. A vaccine that uses a viral intermediate or carrier to deliver genetic material coding for a desired antigen (a portion of the pathogen) into the recipient's host cells. Examples include some COVID-19 vaccines and two Ebola vaccines. 21. A vaccine that contains mRNA information for a portion, not all, of the pathogenic virus (typically a portion of the spike protein) packaged within a vector such as lipid nanoparticles. Examples include some COVID-19 vaccines. 22. Which type is the Johnson & Johnson Janssen COVID-19 vaccine: 23. Which type is the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine: 24. Which type is the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine:

18. An un-tested (and likely dangerous) non-vaccine treatment of Covid-19. Don't do it. 19. A vaccine that contains a "live" but compromised virus. Typically, virulent properties have been inactivated from the pathogenic strain, or a less pathogenic but related virus is used in its place to induce the immune response. Examples include treatments for the viral diseases measles, mumps, and rubella. 20. A vaccine that uses a viral intermediate or carrier to deliver genetic material coding for a desired antigen (a portion of the pathogen) into the recipient's host cells. Examples include some COVID-19 vaccines and two Ebola vaccines. 21. A vaccine that contains mRNA information for a portion, not all, of the pathogenic virus (typically a portion of the spike protein) packaged within a vector such as lipid nanoparticles. Examples include some COVID-19 vaccines. 22. Which type is the Johnson & Johnson Janssen COVID-19 vaccine: 23. Which type is the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine: 24. Which type is the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine:

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter21: Viruses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 19RQ: A patient presents at the clinic with an acute viral infection. Assays that analyze the viral life...

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What is the reason that you have to be immunized with a new influenza vaccine each year? the vaccine is only protective for a year mutation macrophage oxidative metabolism memory response
1)Describe the key processes involved in vaccine manufacturing.2) Review the literature and identify the key players in the various mutants of the spikeprotein.3) How were the structures of ACE 2 and spike protein solved?4) Why is it easier to target a single mutant versus multiple mutants in the virus?5) There are several coronaviruses in the database, why is the SARS-CoV-2 sodangerous?6) Summarize the key difference in the invasion of cells by:a. HIVb. Adenovirusc. Anthraxd. SARS-CoV-2e. MERS
15) Why are viruses an ideal candidate for gene delivery in gene therapy? a) What are TWO limitations of viruses as gene delivery vectors in gene therapy?
1. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition assays can be used for the following purposes, EXCEPT: Demonstration of presence of hemagglutinin-expressing virus Demonstration of presence of neuraminidase-expressing virus Finding out the serotype of virus Finding out serotype of virus antibodies Demonstration of infectivity of virus 2. Virus may acquire resistance to antiviral chemotherapy through the following mechanisms, EXCEPT Mutation Recombination Transduction Transformation Reassortment
1) a. Why does the immunity offered by COvid vaccines last only for about 2-3 months maximum (compared to other vaccines)? b. Are vaccines the only or the best treatment for Covid? Do the type of vaccines matter? WIll it help for us (public) to learn in an easily accessible manner the side effects (and the frequency of occurrence) of the Covid vaccine? c. Should it be mandatory for all members of the population to take vaccines, assuming that it is readily available? d. Should there be clinical trails performed by agents (institutions) outside the very drug companies that manufacture them? Currently that option is not is not available readily.
Ch. 15-1 In 1918, an influenza pandemic that originated with avian flu killed 50 million people. Researchers isolated samples of that virus from bodies of infected people preserved in Alaskan permafrost since 1918. From the samples, they sequenced the viral genome, then reconstructed the virus. The reconstructed virus is 39,000 times more infectious than modern influenza strains, and 100 percent lethal in mice. Understanding how this virus works can help us defend ourselves against other strains that may arise. For example, discovering what makes it so infectious and deadly would help us design more effective vaccines. Critics of the research are concerned: If the virus escapes the containment facilities (even though it has not done so yet), it might cause another pandemic. Worse, the published DNA sequence and methods to make the virus could be used for criminal purposes. Do you think this research makes us more or less safe?
6. Give an example of a viral diagnostic method that detects viral nucleic acid and one that detects viral protein with explanation
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One of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Why?
Alpha Variant = Lineage B.1.1.7 = UK Variant Beta Variant = Lineage B.1.351 OR 501Y.V2 = South African Variant Gamma Variant = Lineage B.1.1.28 OR 501Y.V3 OR P.1 = Brazilian Variant Delta Variant = Lineage B.1.617.2 = Indian Variant Delta plus Variant: under evaluation Make a summary table of the above SARS-CoV-2 variants and include the following: Variants Key mutations in each variant How the above mutations affect Transmissibility of the variants affect Immune evasion of the variants confer Specific Property to the variants (such as infection process)
6. How the use of the nucleic acid vaccine gives protection against diseases like COVID-19. Please explain it?
Please help me answer all parts of this question: (A)What strategy/type of vaccine would you pursue with the hopes of developing a vaccine to a new pandemic Coronavirus, attenuated virus vaccine or an inactivated virus vaccine? Compare how the two are produced, the limitations or advantages, and justify why you have picked one over the other. (B) Now, compare the above vaccines to mRNA vaccines. How are mRNA vaccines delivered? Are they better than the vaccines from part (A)?