3. Given the following table. : Life expectancy 20 years 20.5 years 20.6 years 21 years 22 years 22.2 years Cost of treatment Treatment No treatment Drug A Drug B Drug C Drug D | Drug E $40,000 $30,000 $50,000 $80,000 $100,000 (a) Calculate the ICER between drug B and drug C, and between drug E and drug D.
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- What are some of the metrics economists use to measure health outcomes?2 Examples of sources of data for market failure in health.11)How do you go from many midpoint indicators to one endpoint indicator in LCIA, for example to DALY for different consequences for human health effects? Choose one option: 1-Uses characterization factors to convert from midpoint to endpoint. 2-Takes average of the various midpoint indicators. 3-Weights the different midpoint indicators. 4-Summarizes the endpoint indicators.
- 7. Oster (2020) “Health Recommendations and Selection in Health Behaviors” which found that spurious links between health behaviours and good health outcomes can be self-reinforcing if individuals who engage follow the recommendation also engage in other positive health behaviours. a) Briefly describe in your own (layperson) words what this implies about false positive findings and null findings. b) Can you think of an example where the opposite is true? That is, individuals who follow the recommendation also engage in negative health behaviors. c) Suppose a medical examiner (coroner) is deciding the cause of death of a recently deceased patient. The patient overdosed and is unclear whether the overdose was accidental or intentional (i.e., suicide). The medical examiner remembers hearing on the news that morning that suicides have been rising in recent years. What does this imply about the likely cause of death the medical examiner will record on the death certificate? What does this…Here are mortality rates for brooklyn neighbourhoods for 2012, the number of deaths, crude rates, age adjusted rates. The age adjutment is done directly against a standard population. How do you explain Bushwick and Coney islands. Crown heights South and East Flatbush adjusted rates are similar to their crude rates, what does this mean? BROOKLYN NEIGHBOURHOODS DEATHS 2012 UNADJUSTED RATE AGE-ADJUSTED RATE Williamsburg, Greenpoint (01) 807 4.6 6.1 Fort Green, Brooklyn Heights (02) 621 6.1 6.6 Bedford Stuyvesant (03) 951 6.2 7.6 Bushwick (04) 471 4.1 6 East New York (05) 1,059 5.8 6.7 Park Slope (06) 503 4.7 5.8 Sunset Park (07) 508 4 5.3 Crown Heights North (08) 571 5.9 6.6 Crown Heights South (09) 555 5.6 5.6 Bay Ridge (10) 903 6.6 5.5 Bensonhurst (11) 1,215 6.2 5 Borough Park (12) 946 4.8 5.1 Coney Island (13) 1,163 11 6.5 Flatbush, Midwood…America spends over 17.5 percent of its GDP on healthcare, but with abysally limited outcomes. List and Describe at least 5 ways in which United States Healthcare system is dysfunctional, have limited outcome vis a vis the money spent on it and wasteful.
- 4 discuss the importance of comparing the best alternatives in economics for health care managers9) In which of the following countries does health insurance not pay for most preventive care procedures? A) Canada B) Japan C) the United Kingdom D) the United States 10) Substantial co-payments are typically not required as a part of the health care system in A) Canada and the United Kingdom. B) Japan and Canada. C) the United States and Japan. D) Japan and the United Kingdom. 11) The largest government-run health care system in the world, with 1.7 million employees, is the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom. The NHS receives its funding primarily from A) tariffs. B) the World Health Organization. C) income taxes. D) private businesses. 12) Typically, the ________ in a country, the higher the level of spending per person on health care. A) higher the level of income per person B) larger the population C) higher the level of income taxes D) lower the median age of the population 13) In ________, health care spending per person…1. Using three (3) illustrations, explain the concepts of disparities in health determinants and health outcomes. 2. In economics, efficiency is a critical concept in assessing the most effective utilization of resources. Discuss three types of economic efficiencies. Can efficiency reduce disparities in health determinants and health outcomes? If so, how? 3. Beyond efficiency, discuss four (4) ways the concepts of ethics and equity are applied to address health disparities.
- 1. Should the health care system prioritize care for members of disadvantaged groups over that of other patients? 2. Should clinicians attempt to redress injustices in the social determinants of health by prioritizing the disadvantaged when they enter the health care system?An important distinction in health insurance is between the list price (PL) and out-of-pocket price (PP) of a medical good or service. The list price is the official price that the provider charges the insurance company, while the out-of-pocket price is the price that the insurance customer faces. Sometimes, the out-of-pocket price depends on the list price. d. Now assume the consumer is part of a partial insurance plan with a coinsurance provision. Her insurance pays 50% of all medical expenses. Consider again the relationship between PL and PP and plot a coinsurance plan demand curve in PL - Q space. Label this curve D3. e. Finally, assume the consumer is part of a partial insurance plan with a copayment provision. Her insurance pays all expenses above and beyond her copayment of $25 for each unit of Q. Consider again the relationship between PL and PP and plot a copayment-plan demand curve in PL - Q space. Label this curve D4.Find evidence that can explain how the difference in educational attainment influences the health of people who reside in that country. Here, you are identifying a determinant of health and at least one risk factor. Summarize what you found and justify the determinant of health and risk factor. (cite in text citation) 4 sentences or more.