33.2 The Four Basic Forces As first discussed in Problem-Solving Strategies and mentioned at various points in the text since then, there are only four distinct basic forces in all of nature. This is a remarkably small number considering the myriad phenomena they explain. Particle physics is intimately tied to these four forces. Certain fundamental particles, called carrier particles, carry these forces, and all particles can be classified according to which of the four forces they feel. The table given below summarizes important characteristics of the four basic forces. Table 33.1 Properties of the Four Basic Forces Force Approximate relative strength Range Carrier particle Gravity 38 10 + only 00 Graviton (conjectured) Electromagnetic 10-2 +/ - Photon (observed) 00 Weak force 10-13 < 10-18 m + / w+,w-,z° (observed2)) < 10-15 m +/ Gluons (conjecturedl3]) Strong force 1 Photon (a) (b) Figure 33.4 The first image shows the exchange of a virtual photon transmitting the electromagnetic force between charges, just as virtual pion exchange carries the strong nuclear force between nucleons. The second image shows that the photon cannot be directly observed in its passage, because this would disrupt it and alter the force. In this case it does not get to the other charge.
33.2 The Four Basic Forces As first discussed in Problem-Solving Strategies and mentioned at various points in the text since then, there are only four distinct basic forces in all of nature. This is a remarkably small number considering the myriad phenomena they explain. Particle physics is intimately tied to these four forces. Certain fundamental particles, called carrier particles, carry these forces, and all particles can be classified according to which of the four forces they feel. The table given below summarizes important characteristics of the four basic forces. Table 33.1 Properties of the Four Basic Forces Force Approximate relative strength Range Carrier particle Gravity 38 10 + only 00 Graviton (conjectured) Electromagnetic 10-2 +/ - Photon (observed) 00 Weak force 10-13 < 10-18 m + / w+,w-,z° (observed2)) < 10-15 m +/ Gluons (conjecturedl3]) Strong force 1 Photon (a) (b) Figure 33.4 The first image shows the exchange of a virtual photon transmitting the electromagnetic force between charges, just as virtual pion exchange carries the strong nuclear force between nucleons. The second image shows that the photon cannot be directly observed in its passage, because this would disrupt it and alter the force. In this case it does not get to the other charge.
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The Four Basic Forces
• State the four basic forces.
• Explain the Feynman diagram for the exchange of a virtual photon between two positive charges.
• Define QED.
• Describe the Feynman diagram for the exchange of a between a proton and a neutron.
![33.2 The Four Basic Forces
As first discussed in Problem-Solving Strategies and mentioned at various points in the text since then, there are only four
distinct basic forces in all of nature. This is a remarkably small number considering the myriad phenomena they explain. Particle
physics is intimately tied to these four forces. Certain fundamental particles, called carrier particles, carry these forces, and all
particles can be classified according to which of the four forces they feel. The table given below summarizes important
characteristics of the four basic forces.
Table 33.1 Properties of the Four Basic Forces
Force
Approximate relative strength
Range
Carrier particle
Gravity
38
10
+ only
00
Graviton (conjectured)
Electromagnetic 10-2
+/ - Photon (observed)
00
Weak force
10-13
< 10-18 m + /
w+,w-,z° (observed2))
< 10-15 m +/
Gluons (conjecturedl3])
Strong force
1
Photon
(a)
(b)
Figure 33.4 The first image shows the exchange of a virtual photon transmitting the electromagnetic force between charges, just as virtual pion
exchange carries the strong nuclear force between nucleons. The second image shows that the photon cannot be directly observed in its passage,
because this would disrupt it and alter the force. In this case it does not get to the other charge.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fe25ad796-ed57-4d53-9727-c06e3259b206%2F62470371-12e1-4309-9f0a-86c8c1c5cd79%2Fmni99rg.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:33.2 The Four Basic Forces
As first discussed in Problem-Solving Strategies and mentioned at various points in the text since then, there are only four
distinct basic forces in all of nature. This is a remarkably small number considering the myriad phenomena they explain. Particle
physics is intimately tied to these four forces. Certain fundamental particles, called carrier particles, carry these forces, and all
particles can be classified according to which of the four forces they feel. The table given below summarizes important
characteristics of the four basic forces.
Table 33.1 Properties of the Four Basic Forces
Force
Approximate relative strength
Range
Carrier particle
Gravity
38
10
+ only
00
Graviton (conjectured)
Electromagnetic 10-2
+/ - Photon (observed)
00
Weak force
10-13
< 10-18 m + /
w+,w-,z° (observed2))
< 10-15 m +/
Gluons (conjecturedl3])
Strong force
1
Photon
(a)
(b)
Figure 33.4 The first image shows the exchange of a virtual photon transmitting the electromagnetic force between charges, just as virtual pion
exchange carries the strong nuclear force between nucleons. The second image shows that the photon cannot be directly observed in its passage,
because this would disrupt it and alter the force. In this case it does not get to the other charge.
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