5. Describe the modern theory of evolution and discuss how it is supported by evidence from two of the following three areas. a. Population genetics b. Molecular biology c. Comparative anatomy and embryology

7. Explain how the problem of antibiotic resistance presents an example of evolution. 8. Explain how natural selection could have produced the modern long-necked giraffe from short-necked ancestors.

2. Birds have evolved over the last 60-70 MY. To learn about their relatedness, we can use DNA sequences. Because DNA evolves at a relatively steady rate, gene sequences in two different organisms will accumulate sequence changes and become more different with time. The longer ago their common ancestor was, the more different their sequences will be. However, some genes are under more selection and so evolve slowly. Other genes are under less selection and so evolve quite quickly. Assuming that sites change linearly with time, we can calculate how many sites differ when comparing genes between different species. For simplicity we'll assume we are comparing 1000bp of sequence for each of these genes. Species compared Canary and olive finch Canary and house finch Canary and zebra finch Canary and robin Canary and chicken a. Why do the three genes differ in the number of variable sites between different species? Canary Olive finch House finch Zebra finch robin chicken Canary # of sites…

1. Describe how ecology affects evolution. Provide an example in which the ecological interaction between two species leads to evolutionary change in one or both species

1. The majority of antibiotic use in the United States is for agriculture, primarily in livestock. Why is this a problem? 2. Given the fact that humans are the ones producing and distributing pesticides, why do we call the development of pesticide resistance natural selection rather than artificial selection?