1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 3 Bonding: General Concepts 4 Molecular Structure And Orbitals 5 Stoichiometry 6 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 7 Chemical Energy 8 Gases 9 Liquids And Solids 10 Properties Of Solutions 11 Chemical Kinetics 12 Chemical Equilibrium 13 Acids And Bases 14 Acid- Base Equilibria 15 Solubility And Complex Lon Equilibria 16 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 17 Electrochemistry 18 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 19 The Representative Elements 20 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 21 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter3: Bonding: General Concepts
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Distinguish between the terms electronegativity versus electron affinity, covalent bond versus ionic... Problem 2RQ Problem 3RQ: When an element forms an anion, what happens to the radius? When an element forms a cation, what... Problem 4RQ: Define the term lattice energy. Why, energetically, do ionic compounds form? Fig. 3-8 illustrates... Problem 5RQ: Explain how bond energies can be used to estimate E for a reaction. Why is this an estimate of E?... Problem 6RQ Problem 7RQ Problem 8RQ: Explain the terms resonance and delocalized electrons. When a substance exhibits resonance, we say... Problem 9RQ: Define formal charge and explain how to calculate it. What is the purpose of the formal charge?... Problem 10RQ: The compounds AlCl3, CrCl3, and ICl3 have similar formulas, yet each follows a different set of... Problem 11RQ: How would you name HBrO4, KIO3, NaBrO2, and HIO? Refer to Table 3-7 and the acid nomenclature... Problem 1ALQ: Explain the electronegativity trends across a row and down a column of the periodic table. Compare... Problem 2ALQ: The ionic compound AB is formed. The charges on the ions may be +1, 1; +2, 2; +3, 3; or even larger.... Problem 3ALQ Problem 4ALQ: The bond energy for a CH bond is about 413 kJ/mol in CH4 but 380 kJ/mol in CHBr3. Although these... Problem 5ALQ Problem 6ALQ: Which has the greater bond lengths: NO2 or NO3? Explain. Problem 7ALQ Problem 8ALQ: The second electron affinity values for both oxygen and sulfur are unfavorable (positive). Explain. Problem 9ALQ: What is meant by a chemical bond? Why do atoms form bonds with each other? Why do some elements... Problem 10ALQ: Why are some bonds ionic and some covalent? Problem 11ALQ Problem 12ALQ Problem 13ALQ Problem 14ALQ: Why do we call Ba(NO3)2 barium nitrate, but we call Fe(NO3)2 iron(II) nitrate? Problem 15ALQ Problem 16ALQ Problem 17Q: Compare and contrast the bonding found in the H2(g) and HF(g) molecules with that found in NaF(s). Problem 19Q: Describe the type of bonding that exists in the Cl2(g) molecule. How does this type of bonding... Problem 20Q: Some of the important properties of ionic compounds are as follows: i. low electrical conductivity... Problem 21Q Problem 22Q: Distinguish between the following terms. a. molecule versus ion b. covalent bonding versus ionic... Problem 23Q: What is the electronegativity trend? Where does hydrogen fit into the electronegativity trend for... Problem 24Q Problem 25Q: In general the higher the charge on the ions in an ionic compound, the more favorable the lattice... Problem 26Q: Combustion reactions of fossil fuels provide most of the energy needs of the world. Why do the... Problem 27Q: Which of the following statements is/are true? Correct the false statements. a. It is impossible to... Problem 28Q: Three resonance structures can be drawn for CO2 Which resonance structure is best from a formal... Problem 29Q Problem 30Q Problem 31E: Without using Fig. 3-4, predict the order of increasing electronegativity in each of the following... Problem 32E: Without using Fig. 3-4, predict the order of increasing electronegativity in each of the following... Problem 33E: Without using Fig. 3-4, predict which bond in each of the following groups will be the most polar.... Problem 34E: Without using Fig. 3-4, predict which bond in each of the following groups will be the most polar.... Problem 35E Problem 36E Problem 37E: Which of the following incorrectly shows the bond polarity? Show the correct bond polarity for those... Problem 38E: Indicate the bond polarity (show the partial positive and partial negative ends) in the following... Problem 39E: Predict the type of bond (ionic, covalent, or polar covalent) one would expect to form between the... Problem 40E: List all the possible bonds that can occur between the elements P, Cs, O, and H. Predict the type of... Problem 41E: Hydrogen has an electronegativity value between boron and carbon and identical to phosphorus. With... Problem 42E: Rank the following bonds in order of increasing ionic character: NO, CaO, CF, BrBr, KF. Problem 43E: Would you expect each of the following atoms to gain or lose electrons when forming ions? What ion... Problem 44E Problem 45E Problem 46E Problem 47E: Predict the empirical formulas of the ionic compounds formed from the following pairs of elements.... Problem 48E Problem 49E: Write electron configurations for a. the cations Mg2+, K+, and Al3+. b. the anions N3, O2, F, and... Problem 50E: Write electron configurations for a. the cations Sr2+, Cs+, In+, and Pb2+. b. the anions P3, S2, and... Problem 51E: Which of the following ions have noble gas electron configurations? a. Fe2+, Fe3+, Sc3+, Co3+ b.... Problem 52E: What noble gas has the same electron configuration as each of the ions in the following compounds?... Problem 53E: Give the formula of a negative ion that would have the same number of electrons as each of the... Problem 54E Problem 55E: Give three ions that are isoelectronic with neon. Place these ions in order of increasing size. Problem 56E: Consider the ions Sc3+, Cl, K+, Ca2+, and S2. Match these ions to the following pictures that... Problem 57E Problem 58E Problem 59E: Which compound in each of the following pairs of ionic substances has the most negative lattice... Problem 60E: Which compound in each of the following pairs of ionic substances has the most negative lattice... Problem 61E: Use the following data for potassium chloride to estimate E for the reaction: K(s)+12Cl2(g)KCL(s)E=?... Problem 62E Problem 63E: Consider the following energy changes: E(kJ/mol) Mg(g) Mg+(g) + e 735 Mg+ (g) Mg2+(g) + e 1445... Problem 64E Problem 65E: Consider the following: Li(s)+12I2(s)LiI(s)E=-272kJ/mol Lil(s) has a lattice energy of 753 kJ/mol.... Problem 66E Problem 67E: Rationalize the following lattice energy values: Compound Lattice Energy (kJ/mol) CaSe 2862 Na2Se... Problem 68E: The lattice energies of FeCl3, FeCl2, and Fe2O3 are (in no particular order) 2631, 5359, and 14,774... Problem 69E Problem 70E Problem 71E Problem 72E: Acetic acid is responsible for the sour taste of vinegar. It can be manufactured using the following... Problem 73E Problem 74E: The major industrial source of hydrogen gas is by the following reaction: CH4(g)+H2O(g)CO(g)+3H2(g)... Problem 75E Problem 76E Problem 77E Problem 78E Problem 79E: Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule (duet rule for H) for each of the following... Problem 80E: Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule (duet rule for H) for each of the following... Problem 81E: Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for each of the following molecules. a. CCl4 b. NCl3... Problem 82E: Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for each of the following molecules and ions. (In... Problem 83E Problem 84E: Lewis structures can be used to understand why some molecules react in certain ways. Write the Lewis... Problem 85E: The most common exceptions to the octet rule are compounds or ions with central atoms having more... Problem 86E Problem 87E: Write Lewis structures for the following. Show all resonance structures where applicable. a. NO2,... Problem 88E Problem 89E: Benzene (C6H6) consists of a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with one hydrogen bonded to each... Problem 90E: Borazine (B3N3H6) has often been called inorganic benzene. Write Lewis structures for borazine.... Problem 91E: An important observation supporting the concept of resonance in the localized electron model was... Problem 92E: Consider the following bond lengths: CO143pmC9O123 pmC:O109 pm In the Co32 ion, all three C8O bonds... Problem 93E: A toxic cloud covered Bhopal, India, in December 1984 when water leaked into a tank of methyl... Problem 94E: Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is present in photochemical smog. Draw the Lewis structures (including... Problem 95E: Order the following species with respect to carbonoxygen bond length (longest to shortest).... Problem 96E: Place the species below in order of the shortest to the longest nitrogenoxygen bond.... Problem 97E Problem 98E Problem 99E: Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for the following species. Assign the formal charge... Problem 100E: Write Lewis structures for the species in Exercise 99 that involve minimum formal charges. Problem 101E: A common trait of simple organic compounds is to have Lewis structures where all atoms have a formal... Problem 102E Problem 103E: Oxidation of the cyanide ion produces the stable cyanate ion, OCN. The fulminate ion, CNO, on the... Problem 104E Problem 105E: Name the compounds in parts ad and write the formulas for the compounds in parts eh. a. NaBr b. Rb2O... Problem 106E Problem 107E Problem 108E Problem 109E Problem 110E Problem 111E Problem 112E Problem 113E Problem 114E Problem 115E Problem 116E Problem 117E Problem 118E: Write the formula for each of the following compounds: a. chromium(VI) oxide b. disulfur dichloride... Problem 119E Problem 120E: Write the formula for each of the following compounds: a. ammonium hydrogen phosphate b. mercury(I)... Problem 121E Problem 122E Problem 123AE: Arrange the following in order of increasing radius and increasing ionization energy. a. N+, N, N b.... Problem 124AE: For each of the following, write an equation that corresponds to the energy given. a. lattice energy... Problem 125AE Problem 126AE: Write Lewis structures for CO32, HCO3, and H2CO3. When acid is added to an aqueous solution... Problem 127AE: Which member of the following pairs would you expect to be more energetically stable? Justify each... Problem 128AE: What do each of the following sets of compounds/ions have in common? a. SO3, NO3, CO32 b. O3, SO2,... Problem 129AE: Although both Br3 and I3 ions are known, the F3 ion has not been observed. Explain. Problem 130AE Problem 131AE Problem 132AE: Identify each of the following elements: a. a member of the same family as oxygen whose most stable... Problem 133AE Problem 134AE Problem 135AE: When molten sulfur reacts with chlorine gas, a vile-smelling orange liquid forms that has a formula... Problem 136AE: The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties is called organic chemistry. Besides... Problem 137CWP Problem 138CWP Problem 139CWP: Complete the following table to predict whether the given atom will gain or lose electrons in... Problem 140CWP Problem 141CWP Problem 142CWP: List the bonds PCl, PF, OF, and SiF from least polar to most polar. Problem 143CWP: Arrange the atoms and/or ions in the following groups in order of decreasing size. a. O, O, O2 b.... Problem 144CWP Problem 145CWP Problem 146CWP: Which of the following compounds or ions exhibit resonance? a. O3 b. CNO c. Asl3 d. CO32 e. AsF3 Problem 147CP Problem 148CP Problem 149CP: Given the following information: Energy of sublimation of Li(s) = 166 kJ/mol Bond energy of HCl =... Problem 150CP: Think of forming an ionic compound as three steps (this is a simplification, as with all models):... Problem 151CP: Use data in this chapter (and Chapter 2) to discuss why MgO is an ionic compound but CO is not an... Problem 152CP: Three processes that have been used for the industrial manufacture of acrylonitrile (CH2CHCN), an... Problem 153CP Problem 154CP Problem 155CP: Draw a Lewis structure for the N, N-dimethylformamide molecule. The skeletal structure is Various... Problem 156CP: Cholesterol (C27H46O) has the following structure: In such shorthand structures, each point where... Problem 157CP: Consider the following computer-generated model of caffeine. Draw a Lewis structure for caffeine in... Problem 158IP: For each of the following ions, indicate the total number of protons and electrons in the ion. For... Problem 159IP Problem 160IP: A polyatomic ion is composed of C, N, and an unknown element X. The skeletal Lewis structure of this... Problem 121E
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Concept explainers
What ketones are prepared by the following reactions?
Transcribed Image Text: a.
[) NaOEt
OEt
[2] CH3I
[3] H;0*, A
b.
[1] NaOEt
OEt [2] CH;CH,CH,Br
[3] NaOEt
[4] C,H5CH,I
[5] H3O*, A
Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone
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![a.
[) NaOEt
OEt
[2] CH3I
[3] H;0*, A
b.
[1] NaOEt
OEt [2] CH;CH,CH,Br
[3] NaOEt
[4] C,H5CH,I
[5] H3O*, A](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F5af65766-9ac1-4deb-ba57-bcf13cfcd552%2F876ae662-af2f-4e58-9bb5-e23d36308bea%2Fbbvkh1.png&w=3840&q=75)
