Adherens junctions are made up of many cadherin proteins, with their associated catenin and actin molecules. Loss of calcium would likely influence all of the following processes EXCEPT: Cadherin clustering and expansion Filopodia formation Recruitment of more cadherins to a growing junction Actin bundling at the junction O Cadherin interaction
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- In cells, actin filaments form bundles or networks. How do cells form such structures, and what specifically determines whether actin filaments will form a bundle or a network?Describe the structure of a neuromuscular junctionand explain how an action potential is transmittedacross the junctionMuscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in dystrophy, and intracellular protein that binds to the cytoskeleton. Dystropin also binds to _____, which is found in plasma membrane of the cell and binds the extracellular matrix. Actin filament Gap junction Integrin Cadherin Tight junction
- When nerve cells contact each other, they form adherens junctions (AJs) at the point of contact. The main transmembrane (TM) protein in the junctions is N-cadherin. N-cadherin is a single pass TM protein with a short intracellular domain and a large extracellular domain on the amino end. Proper formation of the AJs requires both actin (MF) and microtubules (MTs). Motor proteins for MTs are dynein (-) end and kinesin (+) end (and were discovered by Michael Sheetz). Maintenance of preformed AJs requires MFs . Adding drugs that disrupt MFs causes AJs to fall apart, and the N-cadherin is removed from the PM (by endocytosis). If the drugs are removed, MTs (& MFs) are required to restore the N-cadherin to the plasma membrane. choose answer for D1 and D2 D. Suppose cells contain a soluble kinase that modifies N-cadherin that has been removed from the PM. D-1. The kinase could catalyze modification(s) of the side chains of amino acids near (the N end) (the C end) (either end, but not…Neurofilament proteins assemble into long, intermediate filaments , found in abundance running along the length of nerve cell axons. The C-terminal region of these proteins is an unstructured polypeptide, hundreds of amino acids long and heavily modified by the addition of phosphate groups. The term “polymer brush” has been applied to this part of the neurofilament. can you suggest why?The trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is a characteristic property of an epithelium. Which of the following statements best describes the TEER? a.) A high trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is an indicator of a leaky epithelium in which paracellular diffusion of solute is likely to be high b.) A high trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is an indicator of a tight attachment between the epithelium and the basement membrane in which diffusion of solute across the basolateral surface is likely to be low c.) A high trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is an indicator of a tight epithelium in which paracellular diffusion of solute is likely to be low
- Membrane lipids can move laterally with relative ease, but flip-flopping between layers takes much longer. True or False? The potassium channel is specific for potassium and not sodium because the pore in the channel is not large enough to fit sodium. True or False? The direction of spontaneous calcium transport depends only on its concentration on both sides of the membrane. True or False?the extracellular matrix is not composed of a)Actin b)Fibronectin c)collagen d)proctoglyeanDescribe the structure of actin and microfilaments.
- What is the most important thing, i.e. what has the biggest impact of determining the resting membrane potential of a cell?Which of the following are differences between the assembly processes of intermediate filaments versus that of actin microfilaments? A. New subunits are added internally to the intermediate filament rather than at the ends B. Assembly requires GTP rather than ATP C. Intermediate filaments are assembled from multiple tetramers rather than from monomers. D. A and B E. A and CA synaptic vesicle has a diameter of 40 nm. The concentration of a neurotransmitter inside this vesicle is 250 mM. How many molecules of this neurotransmitter are in the vesicle?