An armada of spaceships that is 1.00 ly long (as measured in its rest frame) moves with speed 0.800c relative to a ground station in frame S.A messenger travels from the rear of the armada to the front with a speed of 0.950c relative to S. How long does the trip take as measured (a) in the rest frame of the messenger, (b) in the rest frame of the armada, and (c) by an observer in the ground frame S?

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Q: An observer in reference

A: 2.29×10-4 s

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Proper Length

The theory of special relativity explains the connection between space and time to objects that move in a straight line at a constant speed. The objects move at the speed of light. When an object approaches light speed, its mass is endless and cannot move faster than light. The most crucial postulate of Einstein's special relativity is that the laws of nature do not change in each frame of reference.