Botulinum toxin binds to receptors present at the terminal bouton in order to enter the neuron. What vesicular transport process do you think is involved in the toxin entering the neuron?

Q: • Describe the concept of transport maximum (Tm). • Explain the membrane potential and the…

A: The term cell membrane or plasma membrane is associated with a protective layer enveloping the…

Q: One of your classmates is planning to study endocytosis at neuronal synapses for their senior…

A: Introduction Endocytosis is the process by which the flexibility of the cell membrane enables the…

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A: Ions are distributed on either side of the cell membrane. The transport of ions across the membrane…

Q: What does a transporter protein do at a synapse? a. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from the…

A: A neurotransmitter does not stay at the postsynaptic membrane. If it stays, it continues to excite…

Q: The exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles depends on:

A: Synapse is the junction between two neurons. It is formed between the dendrites of one neuron and…

Q: Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system. What type of…

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Q: The above depolarization of a neuron will result in which of the following ionic currents? a…

A: Action potential or an electrical impulse is another name for a nerve impulse. In contrast to a…

Q: The approximate protein:lipid ratio in the plasma membrane of a myelin cell is: a) 1:10 b) 3:1 c)…

A: Ans - The approximate protein:lipid ratio in the plasma membrane of a myelin cell is 1:4. (a)  #…

Q: Suppose you inactivated a neuron’s Na/K exchange pumps (the active transporters), then immediately…

A: Na/K pump moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentrations gradients.  It moves 2 K into…

Q: Veratridine, batrachotoxin, and Aconitine causes persistent activation of sodium channel persistent…

A: Veratridin, Batrachotoxin, and aconitine all mentioned compounds are alkaline neurotoxin.

Q: What happens to the membrane potential inside and outside of the cell when Cl- channels are open?

A: Ion channels are integral proteins that provide for the regulated transport of a specific ion, or…

Q: Suppose you inactivated a neuron’s Na/K exchange pumps (the active transporters), then immediately…

A: Hi! Thank you for the questions. As you have posted a question with multiple subparts, I will be…

Q: exocytosis of GABA.  A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this?…

A: Tetanus toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium…

Q: Which of the following statements about ion channels is INCORRECT?     Like carrier proteins, most…

A: Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pas through the channel pore.

Q: Neurons have long thin processes called axons, structuresspecialized for conducting signals…

A: From the formula of Speed and Distance parameter we know- Speed= _Distance traveled by a body(…

Q: How does the Na+/K+ pump contribute to the development of a membrane potential?

A: Na+/K+ pump or Sodium-Potassium pump is an enzyme present in cell membrane of all animals.Its role…

Q: You apply a drug to neurons that blocks the KCC transporter. As a result, you have a rise in…

A: These are integral membrane proteins,  typically formed as assemblies of several individual…

Q: The above depolarization of a neuron will result in which of the following ionic currents? a…

A: Electrical signals regulate the contraction of muscle, secretion of hormones, sensation of the…

Q: A fellow classmate is planning to study endocytosis at neuronal synapses for their senior thesis. He…

A: Endocytosis is described as a the process in which the cell membrane's flexibility helps them in…

Q: What happens to the membrane potential inside and outside of the cell when Ca+ channels are open?

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Q: How does the Na+–K+pump exchange sodium ions forpotassium ions across the plasma membrane? What…

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Q: The most important diffusible ion in the establishment of the membrane potential is a. K+. b. Na+.…

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Q: The soma of a mature neuron lacks a. a nucleus.b. endoplasmic reticulum.c. lipofuscin.d.…

A: Answer is d.) centrioles.

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Q: What is the polarized membrane state? How is it maintained? (Note the relative roles of both passive…

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Q: what would happen to the transport of sater across a membrane if the aqua poring were…

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Q: Define anterograde axoplasmic transport. Why is this type of axonal transport necessary in most…

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Q: Define the following terms: a. depolarization b. repolarization c. passive transport d. active…

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Q: You attempt to generate an IV plot for GABA channels in cultured neurons. You apply pentobarbital…

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Q: Explain the Donnan Membrane Phenomenon. Why is it important for the homeostasis of the cell?

A: There occurs different biochemical reactions in the human body. Since a chemical reaction is the…

Q: Similarly, what will be the effect on membrane potential if Ct ions move into the cell? a) Ct entry…

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Q: Neurotransmitters make their way to terminal boutons from the cell body O by diffusion from a high…

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Q: Conotoxin is produced by marine cone snails. Among its effects is to block voltage-gated Ca2+…

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Q: What happens to the membrane potential when Na+/K+ pump is active?

A: Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) is the voltage (charge) difference across the cell membrane when…

Q: Fill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative…

A: Action potential (AP) occurs when membrane potential on a specific location of a cell rapidly rises…

Q: Some cytoplasmic kinases, enzymes that phosphorylate substrates at the expense of ATP, bind to…

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Q: The axon of neurons contains microtubules with the minus end situated toward the cell body and the…

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Q: Describe the proteins involved in membrane fusion and neurotransmitter release that are located on…

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Q: fill in the blank .......... is a reflection of the unequal distribution of positive and negative…

A: An axon is a long and slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the…

Q: What kind of membrane transport occurs when pre-synaptic neurons release neurotransmitters?

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Q: The extracellular concentration of Cl-Cl¯ is 123 mM and the intracellular concentration is 4 mM. In…

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Q: What is the equilibrium membrane potential due to Na+ ions if the extracellular concentration of Na+…

A: Nernst equation calculates the voltage necessary to perfectly oppose the net movement of an ion…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.