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- Describe one way in which endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and contact-dependent signaling pathways are similar to one another and one way in which they are different from one another.indicate endocrine signalings function, the type of cell in which it is made and the specific manner in which it acts as a signaling molecule, including the receptor that it binds to.Describe the relationship between Insulin Growth Factor (IGF) and aging. What role does IGF play in the process of Aging and Longevity? How is IGF involved in signaling for this process? Is the signaling by IGF long term signaling or short term signaling with regard to the interactions. Which other molecule(s) might contribute to duration of IGF signaling for this process?
- Briefly present the mechanism of action of inhibitors of intracellular signaling used for antineoplastic therapy?Make ang outline of the method and application of immunoneutralization of hormones.Discuss the family of nuclear hormone receptors and explain how ligand binding to such a receptor can result in changes in gene expression
- Viagra works on which intra-cellular signaling pathway? a)PLC, DAG, PKC b)RTK, RAS, MAPK c)GPCR, PKB, calmodulin d)Acetylcholine, Nitric Oxide, cGMP e)GPCR, cAMP, PKAEGF signals by binding to cell surface EGF receptors. Which of these observations, if true, would BEST explain EGF’s mechanism of action? A. EGF is hydrophilic and can easily diffuse through the cell membrane B. EGF is hydrophobic and can easily diffuse through the cell membrane C. EGF is hydrophilic and cannot diffuse through the cell membrane D. EGF is hydrophobic and cannot diffuse through the cell membraneExplain the activation of the protein kinase, c-raf, in response to growth factor receptor activation
- Describe the concept of a stress activated signaling pathway using an example from the lectures. Explain the role of sensors, transduction pathways, transcription factors and cis-Elements.State whether the level of each of the following protein in a cancer cell is higher or lower than normal and how is that beneficial to the cancer cell? a. ARF protein b. MDM2 c. caspases d. Fas receptor e. TNF-αDescribe the function of the PTEN phosphatase in the PI-3 kinase signaling pathway. Why does a loss-of-function mutation in PTEN promote cancer? Predict the effect of constitutively active PTEN on cell growth and survival.
