Chambers and coworkers have reported [NAD+] and [NADH] concentrations in yeast mitochondria as 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. Consider the Malate Dehydrogenase reaction below: Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ∆G0’ = +29.7 kJ/mol If Malate concentration in yeast mitochondria is 0.4 mM what is the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate needed to make the reaction exergonic at pH 7.0 and 370C?
Q: Conversion of glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is catalyzed by…
A: Phosphoglucomutase convert glucose-1-phosphate to glucose- 6-phosphate for this reaction…
Q: Which is a phenotype associated with mutations in ATP synthase? Figure 1.jpg longer than…
A: The mutation is the random change in the genome of an organism.
Q: The objective of this problem is to calculate the number of moles of reduced NAD and FAD generated…
A: NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes, organic molecules that serve as helpers during enzyme-catalyzed…
Q: Conversion of pyruvate to PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) requires the action of a. A. B. C. D.…
A: The respiration mechanism that occurs in a biological cell is cellular respiration. Two molecules of…
Q: (a) NAD+ kinase catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of NAD* to NADP+. How many reducing…
A: The Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) acts as a coenzyme while, Nicotinamide Adenine…
Q: alculate the enzyme and specific activity of a reaction with 3 μM Hsp90 using the following…
A: An enzyme is a type of protein that aids in the speeding up of chemical processes. Enzymes are…
Q: Assume you have a solution containing the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and all the enzymes of the…
A: The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle, a part of cellular…
Q: Considering that 22.4 kJ/mole is required to transport 1 H+ across the mitochondrial membrane, how…
A:
Q: Consider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12): How many ATP are generated in…
A: Most fatty acids are degraded by the sequential removal of two-carbon fragments from the carboxyl…
Q: Moles produced (Net) moles of CO2 after Krebs cycle moles of GTP after Krebs cycle moles of ATP…
A: Answer:- 4 moles of glucose produce 16 moles of CO2 after Krebs cycle 5 moles of glucose produce…
Q: + additional Pi +Pi no Pi added Time (min) CO, generated (mmoles)
A: Introduction:- Anaerobic fermentation is a chemical process in which molecules such as glucose are…
Q: For each of the following experiments, tell me whether you would expect the rate of O₂ consumption…
A: Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized and is also coupled to the…
Q: 4. (a) courses (such as this one) that NADH produced through glycoly- H °H sis in the cytosol can be…
A: NADH is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, present in all living cells. It acts as the coenzyme.…
Q: Suppose a patient has correctly diagnosed GALT (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase)…
A:
Q: All of the following are generated directly during the Krebs (TCA) cycle except? a. ATP b. GTP c.…
A:
Q: Consider the reaction: Malate + NAD +→ Oxaloacetate + NADH (AG° = +29.7 kJ/mol) A cell at 25°C has…
A: All cells require energy in the form of ATP to carry out a variety of functions, such as active…
Q: In the human skeletal muscle, amino acids can be used as fuel for ATP production when glucose is in…
A: Introduction The human skeletal muscles when in need of energy, can use amino acids as a source by…
Q: What is the energy cost of transferring I acetyl-CoA across the mitochondrial membrane? Complete the…
A: Acetyl-CoA It is made in the mitochondria through the metabolization of fatty acids and through the…
Q: Identical reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase with a Km of 0.2 mM in le cells and by…
A: In a classic Michaelis-Menten graph, the y-axis represents reaction rate and the x-axis represents…
Q: answer the last 2 questions d and c
A: According to the question, we have to find out the optimum temperature for the activity of malate…
Q: (a) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of aspartate into glucose through the intermediate…
A: Glucose is the primary energy source in living systems. Glucose can be synthesized via…
Q: What do you think would be the effect on oxidative phosphorylation of the following mutations of F1…
A: F1 or F0 ATPase synthase is C ring structured enzyme which transfer the hydrogen ions by rotation by…
Q: The primary purpose of the malate-aspartate shuttle is Choose one: O To move electrons from NADH in…
A: In eukaryotes, the malate-aspartate shuttle is a biochemical mechanism that transports electrons…
Q: Consider the following interconversion, which occurs in glycolysis :(a) What is ΔG′° for the…
A: Ans: Glycolysis: It is the process of breaking glucose in step wise manner to form pyruvate and CO2…
Q: Net ATP yield for complete oxidation of 1 mol of galactose to CO2 and H2O (using both…
A: Here is the number of ATP produced by oxidation of Galactose: ATP produced by Malate-Aspartate…
Q: All the dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle use NAD+ (E°' for NAD+/NADH is -0.32…
A: NADH/FADH2 are also known as reducing equivalents. These reducing equivalents are produced in the…
Q: Consider the coupled reactions: 1,3-BPG → 3-PG + Pi ΔG°'= -16.3 kcalmolkcalmol ATP → ADP + Pi…
A: Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration that involves production of pyruvate from the…
Q: For part (b) of this problem, use the following standard reduction potentials, free energies, and…
A: Ethanol fermentation also known as alcoholic fermentation is a biological which converts sugars such…
Q: Assume you have a solution containing the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and all the enzymes of the…
A: The Citric acid cycle, or the Tri-carboxylic acid cycle is commonly known as the Kreb's cycle, which…
Q: Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate +…
A: First will put all the values we have Malate = 0.5mM Oxalate= 0.1μM H+ = ? ∆Go = 29.7 KJ/mol NAD+ =…
Q: Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate +…
A: Malate dehydrogenase is a catalytic enzyme that catalyses the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate…
Q: Assuming that all the carbon skeleton of alanine is completely oxidized and released as CO2. How…
A: Alanine is an amino acid that takes part in protein synthesis. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid…
Q: If a mutation occurs in the complex II (succinate reductase), what would be the total ATP yield of…
A: FADH2 cannot pass through complex I in the Electron transport chain (ETC) and hence it is received…
Q: Aconitase catalyzes the conversion of Citrate to Isocitrate in the TCA cycle. The standard free…
A: The free energy of a reactionat nonstandard conditions can be determined using ΔG = ΔG⁰ + RT ln Q.…
Q: The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) normally resides in the cytosol, and it can be imported…
A: Dihydrofolate reductase, or DHFR, is a chemical that coverts dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic…
Q: Malate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts malate to oxaloacetate in the last stage of the TCA…
A: Malate dehydrogenase carries out a reversible reaction between malate and oxaloacetate. The Malate…
Q: 11. Chambers and coworkers have reported [NAD*] and [NADH] concentrations in yeast mitochondria as…
A: As the cell's primary energy-producing metabolic pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle provides most…
Q: (a) NAD+ kinase catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of NAD+ to NADP+. How many reducing…
A: NAD+ kinase is an enzyme that converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into NADP+ through…
Q: During Krebs cycle, the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-keto glutarate involves all of the…
A: Isocitrate to alpha-keto glutarate: Via enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase
Q: ency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than…
A: ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is the energy-carrying molecule in all living organisms. It provides…
Q: Compare the delta ΔG0' values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and by FAD. Use the data given…
A: ∆G' 0= -nFE'0where n = number of electrons transferredF = Faraday's constant∆G' 0 = Standard Gibb's…
Q: Consider 3 molecules of galactose: (write only the whole number; no decimal places) a. How many…
A: Galactose is an aldohexose sugar. The galactose unit is found in the milk sugar known as lactose.…
Q: The following Michaelis-Menten plot shows the response of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), an enzyme…
A: The Michaelis-Menten equation (M-M equation) is very much used in enzymology that describe the…
Q: Which of the following regulatory mechanisms are used to regulate the enzyme activity of the…
A: Pyruvate dehyrogenase complex converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
Q: Hexokinase catalyzes the following reaction in glycolysis: Glucose + ATP-- glucose-6-phosphate + ADP…
A: The above reaction is the first step in glycolysis where one molecule of glucose is phosphorylated…
Q: If you are given 4 hydrogen atoms (4H) and asked to carry out reduction of NAD+, state all the…
A: Niacin is a vitamin that contains nicotinamide. Numerous oxidation processes in which alcohols are…
Q: ) Calculate the enzyme and specific activity of a reaction with 3 μM Hsp90 using the following…
A: Enzyme activity is the rate of the formation of the product from 1 micromole substrate inside the…
Q: When ATP and xylose are added to hexokinase, the enzyme produces a small amount of…
A: Xylose is a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type consisted of five carbon atoms and an aldehyde…
Q: Calculate the ΔG for Malate dehydrogenase reaction of CAC if the concentration of oxaloacetate is 1x…
A:
- Chambers and coworkers have reported [NAD+] and [NADH] concentrations in yeast mitochondria as 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. Consider the Malate Dehydrogenase reaction below:
Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ∆G0’ = +29.7 kJ/mol
If Malate concentration in yeast mitochondria is 0.4 mM what is the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate needed to make the reaction exergonic at pH 7.0 and 370C?
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ΔGo ’ = 29.7 kJ/mol. It has been reported that the concentrations of NAD+ and NADH in yeast mitochondria were 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. If we performed similar measurements and also determined that the concentration of malate in yeast mitochondria was 0.5 mM and that of oxaloacetate was 0.1 µM at pH 7.0 at 37˚C, use this information to calculate the free energy of the reaction of yeast in mitochondria.Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ΔGo ’ = 29.7 kJ/mol. It has been reported that the concentrations of NAD+ and NADH in yeast mitochondria were 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. If we performed similar measurements and also determined that the concentration of malate in yeast mitochondria was 0.5 mM and that of oxaloacetate was 0.1 µM at pH 7.0 at 37˚C, use this information to calculate the equilibrium constant for the given reaction.Calculate the ΔG for Malate dehydrogenase reaction of CAC if the concentration of oxaloacetate is 1x 10-8 M, malate is 0.2 mM, NAD+ is 10 mM and NADH is 0.1 mM in rat liver mitochondria. ΔGo’ for this reaction is 30 kJ/mole. Please write the units of the final answer and the formula you are using to solve. R = 0.008314kJ/K*mol, T = 298K
- Compare the delta ΔG0' values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and by FAD. Use the data given in Table 18.1 to find the E0' of the NAD+-NADH and fumarate-succinate couples, and assume that E0' for the FAD – FADH2 redox couple is nearly 0.05 V. Why is FAD rather than NAD+ the electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase?Considering that 22.4 kJ/mole is required to transport 1 H+ across the mitochondrial membrane,how much energy is available for proton translocation from the oxidation of FADH2 at Complex II? Answer: 134 kJ/mol Can you please explain why the answer would be 134 kJ/mol?Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle,shown below.malate + NAD+ <==> oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ΔGo’ = 29.7 kJ/molIt has been reported (Wheeler and Mathews (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 887, 31218-31222) that theconcentrations of NAD+ and NADH in yeast mitochondria were 20 mM and 0.3 mM,respectively. If we performed similar measurements and also determined that the concentrationof malate in yeast mitochondria was 0.5 mM and that of oxaloacetate was 0.1 µM at pH 7.0 at37˚C, use this information to address the following.Calculate the equilibrium constant for the given reaction. Calculate the free energy of the reaction in yeast mitochondria. Assign each reaction (the one under standard conditions and the one in yeastmitochondria) as being exergonic or endergonic. Explain your reasoning. When comparing the free energy values for standard conditions and the conditionsin yeast mitochondria describe the relationship between the equilibrium constant (K)…
- The objective of this problem is to calculate the number of moles of reduced NAD and FAD generated per one mole of glucose consumed by bacteria, growing under aerobic conditions. The consumption of glucose by the bacteria is characterized as follows: for every 1 mole of glucose consumed, 70% is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, while 30% of the glucose is diverted to anabolic reactions prior to pyruvate undergoing oxidative decarboxylation. For the purposes of this problem, you should assume that all pyruvate coming to the TCA cycle is completely oxidized and none is diverted to anabolic processes at the diversion points of oxaloacetate, alpha-ketoglutarate or succinyl-CoA. Calculate the NADH and FADH generatedWhen the cells of our body are in dire need to synthesize Ribose 5 phosphate and it has already enough supply of NADPH, reverse non oxidative pathway of the HMP shunt pathway takes place. If the cell has 10 glucose 6 phosphate molecules, how many of these would be converted to Fructose 6 phosphate and how many to form glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate respectively to synthesize maximum number of Ribose 5 phosphate? 8:2 2:8 4:6 6:4The half-reactions involved in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction and their standard reduction potentials are (see attached)). Calculate ΔG at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the following conditions: (a) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 1 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 1. (b) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 160 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 160. (c) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 1000 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 1000. (d) Discuss the eff ect of the concentration ratios in Parts a–c on the direction of the reaction.
- Given that malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase which of the following statements is TRUE? a. FADH2 results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. b. All electron transport is inhibited. c. Transfer of electrons from NADH to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. d. Transfer of electrons from FADH2 to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. e. NADH results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. Clear my choiceConsider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12): How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?For part (b) of this problem, use the following standard reduction potentials, free energies, and nonequilibrium concentrations of reactants and products: Consider the last two steps in the alcoholic fermentation of glucose by brewer’s yeast: pyruvate + NADH + 2H+ → ethanol + NAD+ + CO2 (a) Do you predict that ∆S° for this reaction is > 0 or < 0? (b) Calculate the nonequilibrium concentration of ethanol in yeast cells, if ∆G = -38.3 kJ/mol for this reaction at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C when the reactants and products are at the concentrations given above. (c) How would a drop in pH affect ∆G for the reaction described in part (b)? (d) How would an increase in intracellular CO2 levels affect ∆G for the reaction in part (b)? (e) How would an increase in intracellular CO2 levels affect ∆G°′ for the reaction in part (b)?