Compare the pathways of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis with respect to (a) precursors, (b) energy cost, (c) acquisition of the ribose moiety, and (d) number of enzymatic steps.

Q: Draw in detail the pathway of de novo synthesis of deoxythymidine phosphate and provide a brief…

A: First carbamoyl phosphate is synthesized , which then enters the de-novo synthesis pathway for…

Q: What is the most significant difference between glycan synthesis and other biopolymer syntheses,…

A: DNA contains the genetic information that is used to make all the proteins of the body. The DNA is…

Q: What two processes ensure that the correct amino acidis added to a growing polypeptide chain?

A: The tRNA is a transfer RNA. It reads the nucleotide present on the mRNA and translates that mRNA…

Q: How is the production of particular proteins limited to certain cell types at certain times,…

A: Fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm results in the formation of a zygote. The zygote undergoes…

Q: What is the purpose of the proteasome?

A: Nervier, a molecular ritonavir derivative, was created as a protease inhibitor to combat HIV…

Q: How does the regulation of protein activity by covalent modulation differ from that by allosteric…

A: The binding of the ions or other molecules to protein results in changes of the conformation of…

Q: What do you mean by hypoacetylation of lysines?

A: The process of acetylation is a type of metabolic reaction that is very common to both the animal…

Q: Serine is also a major source of one-carbon units that cells shunt to other biosynthetic pathways,…

A: The methionine as well as folate processes, which are essential for cellular activity, play a major…

Q: which of the following process do not contribute to purine nucleotide biosynthesis? a) synthesis…

A: Biosynthesis of nucleotides occur in two ways - de novo pathway and salvage pathway. In the de novo…

Q: Explain why methotrexate inhibits the synthesis of histidine and methionine.

A: Competitive inhibition is the competition between a substrate and inhibitor that compete for the…

Q: From the result shown, what might be the histidine biosynthetic pathway (the order of enzymes)?

A: Histidine biosynthesis is an ancient metabolic partway present in bacteria, archaea, lower…

Q: How does cell chemistry, and therefore all life, depend on the production of proteins? What role do…

A: Proteins are large-complex molecules that perform complex and critical tasks in all life forms.…

Q: Why might it be advantageous to add a preassembled block of 14 sugar residues to a protein in the…

A: Biomolecules are organic macromolecules that play an important role in the proper functioning of the…

Q: Discuss the role of Beta-sheets in the structure and assembly of ketatins?

A: Keratins are fibrous proteins present in hair, feathers, nails, and horns. The keratin most commonly…

Q: In Metabolic Pathways, what are the nucleotide-containing compounds?

A: A nucleotide mainly consists of a sugar molecule that is either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA…

Q: What makes protein phosphorylation so valuable in regulating protein function that its use is…

A: Proteins are modified post-translationally via several covalent and non-covalent modifications.…

Q: What is the approximate number of ATP that are generated from the complete breakdown of triacyl…

A: Complete breakdown of one molecule of triacylglyceride generated approximately 108 ATP molecules.

Q: Define the Synthesis of Purine nucleotides from IMP ?

A: Nucleotides can be defined as the molecules which help in the formation of nucleic acids such as DNA…

Q: What are the biomolecules that are used to biosynthesize a purine ring in the de novo pathway –…

A: Purine synthesis occurs in liver  by two pathways i.e  denovo synthesis  and salvage pathway. Denovo…

Q: Describe how pyrimidine nucleotides are synthesized

A: The nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides are classified as pyrimidines or purines. Pyrimidines are…

Q: Is the formation of the acyl-enzyme complex a unimolecular (SN1) or biomolecular(SN2) reaction?

A: The most significant difference between a ketone/aldehyde and a carboxylic acid derivative is that…

Q: Define what lectins are and outline their biochemical functions.

A: Carbohydrate binding proteins (CBP) are the proteins that can interact with sugar chains but do not…

Q: Describe a common feature at the active site of serine proteases and acetyl cholinesterase

A: Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (which is a…

Q: hat enzymes are required for the synthesis of a glycogen particle starting from glucose 6-phosphate?

A: Carbohydrates formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are categorized into sugars, starch, and…

Q: Consider protein degradation in the absence of ubiquitinylation. Is the process likely to be more or…

A: Ubiquitinylaton is the process of the addition of a protein called ubiquitin to the substrate…

Q: Describe the pathway for purine nucleotide synthesis

A: Introduction: Purine is a two-ring heterocyclic aromatic compound with two rings. It's a…

Q: What is an important difference between the biosynthesisof purine nucleotides and that of pyrimidine…

A: Introduction: A nucleoside and a phosphate make up nucleotides, which are organic molecules. They…

Q: Under what conditions might one expect a deficiency of hypoxan- thine-guanine…

A: The deficiency of HGPRT is due to genetic mutation in the HPRT 1 gene present on X chromosone.

Q: Must the amino acid residues in the active site be near each other along the polypeptide chain?…

A: The polypeptide chain is considered as the long sequence of amino acids, which exhibits amino acid…

Q: Describe the path for the synthesis of TTP from UTP.

A: Nucleic acids are biomolecules that form the building blocks for DNA and RNA molecules. They contain…

Q: Which of the following amino acid residues would not provide a side chain for acid- base catalysis…

A: Introduction: Nearly one-third of all known enzymes require metal ions for the catalytic activity…

Q: Is liver catalase active within a narrow or broad ph ran

A: An enzyme is a molecule with speed up the rate of a biological reaction without being consumed in…

Q: peptide bonds can be cleaved by proteases, true or false?

A: Amino acids are monomers of protein. Amino acid binds together through peptide bonds to create a…

Q: What are some of the benefits of having a high number of N-glycosylation sites for a glycoprotein?

A: Conjugated proteins, such as glycoproteins, are a form of conjugated protein. They are covalently…

Q: What is the importance of pyrophosphatasein the synthesis of nucleic acids?

A: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids. These biological…

Q: In which two ways does the ribulose monophosphate pathwaysave energy over reactions of the serine…

A: A group of microorganisms possessing the ability to use reduced one-carbon compounds and the…

Q: Briefly Discuss the role of Beta-sheets in the structure and assembly of ketatins?

A: Keratin is a structural protein present in hair, nails, feathers, etc. Compared to other structures…

Q: Discuss the role of feedback inhibition in the anabolism ofpurine-containing nucleotides.

A: DNA and RNA are two different forms of nucleic acids, which are biological polymers of monomer units…

Q: Explain the role of  β-galactosidase ?

A: Introduction: Genetic expression in bacteria is coordinated by an operon. When Jacob and Monod…

Q: PLEASE DESCRIBE pKa, pK1, pK2, and pKI, as they relate to amino acid dissociation in solution?

A: Amino acids are most important biomolecules as protein themselves participate in most of the…

Q: Describe the types of enzymatic reactions that occur during the synthesis of N-linked…

A: Oligosaccharides are carbohydrate molecules, which are complex units of monosaccharides, which are…

Q: Is the statement during fatty acid biosynthesis, the product detaches from fatty acid synthase…

A: Fatty acid biosynthesis is the metabolic process that involves in synthesis of long-chain fatty acid…

Q: In the pentose phosphate pathway reaction that produces subtrate used for nucleiuc acid synthesis,…

A: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway is an anabolic pathway which is carried out to synthesize NADPH and…

Q: Draw the open-chain structure of a ketoheptose.

A: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde and ketones which are associated with reducing property.the…

Q: Draw the structure of a D-glucose molecule linked to threonine via a β-glycosidic linkage.

A: The amino derivative of glucose is known as an N-aceltyglucoseamine. where it forms a secondary…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.