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A: Answer
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- Compare simple and fractional distillation for the separation of HEXANE and TOLUENEHow can the temperature and the vapour pressure in a fractional distillation be effectively controlledList and describe two methods that can used to improve the separation of a liquid mixture by fractional distillation
- what is the purpose of steam distillation? and what are the factors involved ?Why is it important to perform a fractional distillation slowly? What happens if a fractional distillation is done very quickly by rapidly raising the temperature of the heat source?1. What characteristics must a substance possess for it to be separated from a heterogeneous mixture by steam distillation? 2. Explain the role of steam in facilitating the distillation of essential oils. 3. Compare and contrast simple and steam distillation in terms of the type of mixtures separated by each technique. 4. What is/are the difference(s) between a simple distillation and steam distillation?
- Why the Refractive Index of hexane and heptane from simple distillation closer to the refractive index of hexane and heptane from fractional distillation?Explain the importance of using a thermometer in the simple distillation setup. Enumerate the characteristics of a substance for it to be separated from the heterogeneous mixture by steam distillation. How does steam facilitate the distillation of essential oils? Discuss some applications of simple distillation and steam distillation. Explain why you can use each method for the chosen application. What is the most dominant intermolecular forces of attraction that exist between: a. water and limonene, the major monoterpene component of lemon essential oil? b. water and constituent ions of sodium chloride? 6. Based on your answers in number 5, which pair (water-limonene or water-sodium chloride) exhibits a stronger attraction between their molecules/ions? 7. Describe what happens during the salting-out process in terms of the intermolecular forces of attraction involved as mentioned in your previous answers.Why is fractional distillation more efficient than simple distillation when purifying liquid mixtures?
- Need help determining the boiling point from the distillation graph of 2-methylcyclohexanol with a sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid mixture.An ethanol/water mixture forms an azeotropic mixture. Why is it not possible to obtain a pure sample of ethanol from the mixture by fractional distillation? How would you obtain pure ethanol from the azeotropic mixture?Why is flameless heating used for heating a solution in hexane or diethyl ether during a recrystallization? Why should the size of crystals obtained in a recrystallization be neither too large nor too small?