Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by tumor-suppressor genes.

Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumorsuppressor genes.

A: The proto-oncogenes are those genes, which promote cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis of the cells.…

Q: Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic…

A: Cancer is disease in which there is uncontrolled proliferation of cell.  In organisms, cell…

Q: ___________ are changes to the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. a.…

A: Nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are long chains of nucleotides.…

Q: Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic…

A: Inflammation predispose to the development of cancer & promotes all stages of tumorigenesis

Q: Cancer-promoting mutations are likely to have different effects on the activity of proteins encoded…

A: Cancer is the unnatural and excessive proliferation of cells that becomes harmful to normal body…

Q: Describe three common ways that tumor-suppressor genes aresilenced.

A: Tumour suppressor genes are genes that can decrease the rate of cell division and growth. In the…

Q: why EGFR play a role in CRC and other cancer?

A: EGFR : It is epidermis growth factor receptor.  CRC:  Colorectal cancer. EGFR : It is one of the…

Q: Explain the Role of proto-oncogenes and tumorsuppressor genes ?

A: The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes induces cancers although the activation of the…

Q: Identify the two general functions of the proteins encoded bytumor-suppressor genes.

A: Gene is the unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offsprings. Proto-oncogenes are…

Q: The p53 gene encodes a tumor-suppressor protein, p53, which acts as a transcription factor for…

A: Answer. Genes for which a gain of function mutation drives a cell towards cancer are called proto…

Q: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair. If DNA can not be repaired,…

A: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene 1) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene 2) are genes that make proteins that aid…

Q: Describe three popular methods for silencing tumor-suppressor genes.

A: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes are those that slow down the division and development of cells.…

Q: Describe the molecular mechanisms involved in P53’s role as a tumor repressor protein.

A: The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53 (or p53). This…

Q: Describe the genetic changes that inactivate tumor-suppressor genes.

A: Cancer is a condition of uncontrolled cell division which results in the formation of tumor. This is…

Q: Describe the roles of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in controlling cell growth, and…

A: Oncogenesis is the process of inducing cancer in the body due to mutation in the genes. Oncogenes…

Q: Define about Some Proto-oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor Genes ?

A: Introduction: Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes belong to cancer critical genes whose…

Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressorgene? Give two examples of each…

A: Cancer is defined as the biological disorder in which the cells undergo uncontrolled growth and cell…

Q: Discuss how oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are related to genes involved in the control of…

A: Tumor suppressor genes are the regular genes present in the genome which are important for the…

Q: Describe, using specific examples, the differences in how a growth factor gene and a tumor…

A: When we talk about cancer, there are certain genes associated with it. Oncogenes are genes that are…

Q: Match the gene on the left with the gene category on the right.…

A: Genes  Genes are the information coded in a DNA. They make our protein and enzyme. They are…

Q: Some cancers are consistently associated with the deletion of a particularpart of a chromosome. Does…

A: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that encode for proteins required for the promotion of cell cycle.…

Q: Describe error prone polymerases and the process of translesion synthesis (TLS). In regards to tumor…

A: Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a method of overcoming stopped replication in which particular…

Q: Describe how mutations in genome maintenance factors promote tumorigenesis. Why would inactivation…

A: The cells are basic units of life. When any mutation in the gene takes place due to any radiation or…

Q: Mutations in proto-oncogenes that turn them into oncogenes tend to be dominant, while cancer-causing…

A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that suppress the formation of tumors in the cells or tissues…

Q: The palladin gene, which plays a role in pancreatic cancer (see theintroduction to this chapter), is…

A: A disease is an abnormal condition that negatively impacts the structure and function of an…

Q: What would be the effect of a mutation that inactivates the p14ARF tumor suppressor upon p53…

A: p53 is known as a cellular tumor antigen 53 is a protein found in vertebrates that is responsible…

Q: Explain why many oncogenic viruses contain genes whose products interact with tumor-suppressor…

A: Viruses are infectious agents. They can only replicate inside the living cells. Viruses can infect…

Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogene and oncogene. Describe two mechanisms by which genetic change…

A: Oncogene refers to the cancer-causing gene and is expressed in higher concentration in tumor cells…

Q: Most forms of cancer involvea. the activation of a single oncogene.b. the inactivation of a single…

A: The medical condition of cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth pattern of the cells…

Q: Products of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes can be     growth factors and growth factor…

A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…

Q: Explain in general what is meant by a proto-oncogene and how they are involved in the formation of a…

A: Proto-oncogenes are a bunch of normal genes present in a cell. They have the necessary information…

Q: An oncogene is produced from a                   that has acquired a                      .a.…

A: Cancer is an abnormal condition that leads to proliferation of normal cells. They are caused due to…

Q: Please answer all questions if possible.  -B-Raf is not overexpressed in cancer though shows…

A: B raf is a protooncogene that produce BRaf protein. This protein plays role in regulating MAP…

Q: What are the major differences between a tumor initiator (e.g., DMBA) and a tumor promoting agent…

A: Cancer is a disease in which cells, almost anywhere in the body, begin to divide uncontrollably…

Q: Describe the molecular mechanisms involved in P53’s role as a tumor repressor protein

A:

Q: Relatively few inherited forms of cancer involve the inheritance of mutant oncogenes. Instead, most…

A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…

Q: Tissues and differentiation a)Explain what is meant by termination and differentiation ).b) Explain…

A: The question has been assumed to be "a)Explain what is meant by determination and…

Q: n of tu

A: Tumour suppressor genes can be defined as the gene that is involved in the regulation and…

Q: How might overexpression of proto-oncogenes lead to abnormal cellular proliferation?

A: A proto-oncogene is a cell's normal gene. Proto-oncogenes are plentiful. Each one is in charge of…

Q: Why are oncogenes usually dominant in their action, whereas tumor-suppressor genes are recessive?

A: BASIC INFORMATION ONCOGENES When there is alteration in the proto-onco genes then it leads to the…

Q: If a particular proto-oncogene has been altered by mutation into an oncogene such that it is…

A: Proto oncogenes are the genes which are inactivated in normal cell but when they get activated, it…

Q: Proto-oncogenes normally function to increase v cell division. If a mutation occurs to a…

A: Proto - oncogenes normally function to stimulating cell division . If a mutation occurs to a proto -…

Q: Which of the following describes the role typical proto-oncogenes have when they are expressed in…

A: Proto-oncogenes, although usually associated with tumors do have a very significant role to play in…

Q: Define the following terms: tumor, neoplasia, anaplasia, metastasis, proto-oncogene, oncogene, and…

A: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide.…

Q: Explain with specific examples how oncogenic receptors would promote cellular proliferation in the…

A: Oncogenes are genes which are present in almost all eukaryotic cells especially in higher animals,…

Q: Researchers have identified some tumors that have no recurrent mutations or deletions in known…

A: Deletion is a genetic aberration in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out…

Q: Describe the genetic changes that convert proto-oncogenesinto oncogenes or inactivate…

A: Oncogenes can be defined as the genes which induce cancer in the organisms. These genes encode the…

Q: Discuss the challenges of producing anticancer drugs that counteract the effects of mutations in…

A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that decline the cell division process, acts in programmed cell…

Genomic studies

Genomic studies (genomics) is the study of the whole genome of an organism. Using bioinformatics and high-performance computing, genomic researchers examined massive amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-sequence data to discover variations or mutations that affect drug response, health, or disease. Genomics is a much younger discipline than genetics, having only emerged in the last few decades as a result of technological advancements in DNA sequencing and computational biology.