Define antigenic shift, antigenic drift, and original antigenic sin.

Q: Enlist two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody and explain their…

A: In Immunological diagnostic techniques, antigen and antibody play the key role. Specific antigen…

Q: explain if SARS-CoV-2 is caused by an antigenic shift or an antigenic drift.

A: Antigenic drift is a kind of genetic variation in viruses, arising by the accumulation of mutations…

Q: What causes primary immunodefi ciencies and acquired immunodefi ciencies?

A: Immunodeficiency, otherwise called immuno-compromisation, is a state where the immune framework's…

Q: Why is IgM particularly effective at cross-linking antigens?

A: Antigens can be defined as the substances that is responsible for triggering the immune response…

Q: What is the significance of a rise in titer of specific antibodies in serum samples taken at…

A: Antibodies or immunoglobulins are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the…

Q: Which of the following complementarity determining regions (CDRS) of antibodies is sequentially and…

A: The immune system of the body governs the body’s ability to fight against the destructive actions of…

Q: Would a denatured antigen be expected to have the same epitopes as its native (undenatured)…

A: An epitope is a small part in antigen. This portion of antigen is recognized by antibody. They may…

Q: Distinguish between antigenic drift and antigenic shift ininfluenza.

A: Influenza virus is a RNA virus that contains negative sense single stranded RNA as its genetic…

Q: List characteristics of antigens that optimize their immunogenicity.

A: Antigens can be defined as the substances that are responsible for immune response in the body by…

Q: Name any two diagnostic kits based upon antigen.

A: For immunology, an antigen is a chemical or chemical structure that can be connected to by an…

Q: What are the  General Categories of Immunodeficiency Diseases with  examples?

A: The immunodeficiency diseases are classified into two categories. They are: Primary immunodeficiency…

Q: Differentiate the following secondary antibodies: (a) Mice anti-human, (b) Donkey anti-human, (c)…

A: Introduction Antibodies are the proteins or immunoglobulins produced by B cell agianst a particular…

Q: Discuss the main categories of antigens, based on function.

A: Antigens are the foreign molecule capable of inducing an immune response. One of the exclusive…

Q: Using an appropriate example, explain autoimmunity.

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: Describe antigen binding to the CDR1, 2, and 3 regions of theheavy-chain and light-chain variable…

A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…

Q: What is the point to labeling a secondary antibody with a marker that can be visualized instead of…

A: Introduction: The antibodies are used to detect certain antigens in a technique called ELISA. In…

Q: How is the bivalence of antibodies significant for a precipitationreaction, and under what…

A: Antibodies are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the foreign particles and…

Q: Describe the concept of an antigen and how it relates to self and nonself markers.

A: An antigen is any substance that causes the  immune system to produce antibodies against it .  An…

Q: What is “Good” Antigens? Describe their characteristics.

A: An antigen is defined as any substance which induces the body to mount an immunological reaction to…

Q: What is involved in the four categories of B-cell and T-cell-mediatedimmunopathologies outlined by…

A: Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated and inappropriate immune responses against antigens or…

Q: Define antigenic shift

A: Immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist the attack of harmful…

Q: Draw diagrams that explain five possible mechanisms for thedevelopment of autoimmunity.

A: Autoimmunity is the phenomenon in which antibodies or T cells react with auto-antigens. Autoimmunity…

Q: Describe the two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody and explain…

A: Protein molecules known as antibodies or immunoglobulins are created by the body's immune cells.…

Q: Some antigens are super antigen?

A: An antigen is a molecular construction that might be available outwardly of a microorganism, that…

Q: How do foreignness, size, and complexity contribute to antigenicity?

A: An antigen can be defined as a foreign substance or a toxic material that stimulates an immune…

Q: What is antigenic shift? What is antigenic drift?

A: Step 1 An antigen or immunogen is an unfamiliar substance, poison, particles, microorganisms which…

Q: Explain a comparison of good immunogens and poor immunogens.

A: A foreign substance that invades the body and activates the immune system to release antibodies…

Q: Is the antigenic determinant reducing or non-reducing?     reducing     non-reducing     both…

A: Monosaccharides are linked together by chemical bonds to form these Glycan chain-like structures.…

Q: Explain the contribution of antigenic determinant is false negative and false positive tes

A: Antigenic determinants are the component of an antigen present on the surface that gets attached to…

Q: If you are infected with SARS-Cov-2, but have undetectable or low levels of antibodies a few months…

A: The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes a respiratory disease called COVID-19. It is a member of a large…

Q: Why Some antigens are super antigen ?

A: In immunology, an antigen is a molecule that might be available outwardly of a microorganism, that…

Q: Can you explain the passive and active immunities?

A: The ability of the body to protect itself from foreign bodies, like, bacteria, toxic substances, and…

Q: All antigen are not immunogen but all immunogen  are antigen- please Briefly explain

A: Answer- Antigens are any foreign substance that can evoke an immunological response after the…

Q: What are antigenic determininants? What is their role, and how do they function?

A: An antigen is a substance that is regarded as foreign by our immune system. The antigen induces our…

Q: Enumerate and discuss the concept of antigenicity

A: ANTIGENICITY:  Antigenicity initiates an immune response. Antigens can activate B cells and T cells…

Q: labeled secondary

A: Antibodies are the proteins (immunoglobins) produced by B-Lymphocytes. There are two groups of…

Q: hinge region Fc Fab kappa alpha chain Drag answer here Drag answer here. Drag answer here Drag…

A: The structure of the antibody is Y shaped with four polypeptide chains with two heavy and two light…

Q: Explain the characteristics of antigens, the property of antigenicity,and epitopes.

A: The immune system is a complex cell and protein network that protects the body from infection. The…

Q: In influenza virus, what is antigenic shift and how does it occur?

A: Influenza is a common viral infection that is caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,…

Q: Ifan individual was immunized tirst with Pathogen X, and then later with Pathogen X and Y, which of…

A: The immune system refers to the ability of the body to defend against the pathogen. The pathogen…

Q: Compare and contrast antigenic variation and phase variation.

A: A microbe is a life form that causes sickness. The living body is normally brimming with…

Q: Why are immunosuppressed individuals given antifungal agents?

A: 'Immunocompromised' refers to a weak immune system that is not functioning properly.

Q: Describe antigenic variation.

A: Antigenic variation or alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a…

Q: Understand what is meant by antigenic shift and antigenic drift.

A: Antigen refers to the foreign molecule/pathogen capable of triggering the immune system. Besides, an…

Q: Name and in a brief describe the process by which immunological diversity is generated.

A: The ability of multicellular creatures to withstand dangerous germs is referred to as immunity.…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.