Define Integrin adhesion receptor– mediated signaling pathways control diverse cell functions.

If a cell wants to directly affect transcription of genes by utilizing cell signaling which of the following molecules would a cell use in order to do this? O polar / charged signaling molecules steroid signaling molecules O protein signaling molecules O large hydrophilic signaling molecules

What type of signal sequence(s) would be used to create the ACE2 (type 1) integral membrane protein?

Define cell adhesion molecule

What is the role of negative feedback in a cell-signalling pathway?     To switch off a signal once of the output reaches a certain threshold     To trigger the degradation of upstream signalling components     To amplify the output of a signal     To ensure a signal is transient

It is important for the cell to be able to terminate responses, and diminish responsiveness to prevent overstimulation.  Cells have different mechanisms for this. One such mechanism is receptor down regulation. a.) Down regulation describes a decrease in the availability of hormones or neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less likely to be stimulated.   b.) Down regulation describes glycosylation of receptor proteins receptors on the surface of target cells in order to decrease the selectivity of ligand binding, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or neurotransmitter.   c.) Down regulation describes a decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or neurotransmitter.

Describe how the Bcl2 family of protein functions to regulate apoptosis, include a specific example(s) of how it regulates?

Give three examples of the signals that are transmitted to the interior of the cell.

What type of molecules serve as ligands for intracellular vs. membrane receptors?

Suppose that a G protein undergoes a mutation that allows the exchange of bound GTP for GDP to occur in the absence of G protein binding to a re- ceptor. How might this mutation affect signaling involving a GPCR? Which subunit of the G protein is most likely affected by the mutation?