Describe the changes over time in virus antigen levels, antibodylevels, and CD4 T cells in the blood of an HIV-infected individual.

Q: . – In a table, illustrate the differences between natural, artificial, active and passive immunity…

A: The immune system of the body is the system that protects the body against foreign pathogens or…

Q: Describe the role of the macrophage in theimmune response.

A: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are found in every tissue of the human body. They…

Q: Explain the type, order of appearance, and amount of immunoglobulin in each response and what causes…

A: Antibodies are soluble glycoproteins composed of a pair of identical polypeptide light chain and…

Q: Describe the component of adaptive immunity and the function of cytotoxic t cells

A: Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that develops after being exposed to an antigen, either from…

Q: Contrast type II and type III hypersensitivities with respect to typeof antigen, antibody, and…

A: The undesirable reactions produced by the body's immune system which includes allergy and…

Q: Give an example of autoimmune disease.

A: The immune system is a complex system of the body that includes cellular as well as molecular…

Q: Why are monitoring virus loads and T-cell counts important to those who are HIV positive?

A: HIV or human immunodeficiency viruses are the two lentiviral species that generally cause infection…

Q: How can an intracellular virus be targeted by a particular T cell response? Describe the mechanism…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign antigen in order to prevent any…

Q: Briefly explain the behaviors most likely to spread HIV.

A: AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a condition that occurs due to the infection with HIV…

Q: Describe passive immunity and give examples of how it may occur naturally and how it may be…

A: Immunity is the type of defense system present within the body from the time of birth that protects…

Q: Explain this please LAPMT5 restricts HIV- 1 infection

A: Answer

Q: . Describe the effects of HIV on a human immune system, and listcurrent methods of treating HIV…

A: HIV stands for the human immunodeficiency virus belongs to the family of retrovirus that is known as…

Q: Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator ofimmune defenses in action. Explain.

A: Pus is thick, opaque, yellowish protein-rich fluid that is filled with dead cells and white blood…

Q: Briefly explain the immunological responses to bacterial superantigens and explain how they differ…

A: By the Bartleby guidelines, only one question can be answered at at time. The first question has…

Q: interferons and of NK cells in fighting viruses

A: Neutral Killer cells or NK cells are a type of Lymphocyte apart from the very well known T and B…

Q: Identify the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of an immunogen.

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. It is a complex network of cells and proteins.…

Q: Explain how tolerance to self-antigens may be produced. Also, give two examples of autoimmune…

A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign pathogens. Immune system fight…

Q: Explain the relationship between a hypersensitivityreaction and an immune response.

A: Hypersensitivity : These are overreactions of the immune system to an antigen which would not…

Q: Contrast the extracellular and intracellular phases of immune responses to viruses, discussing the…

A: Ans: The extracellular and intracellular are the two phases of the immune response against bacteria…

Q: Explain how HIV affects the immune system and creates vulnerabilityto certain pathogens and other…

A: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection,…

Q: Explain how people with autoimmunity could develop antibodiesagainst intracellular components…

A: Autoimmunity is a condition when the immune system turns hostile against its own self. A disease…

Q: List and explain examples of immune disorders and allergies, and discuss the effects of stress on…

A: There are several immune disorder out of which auto immune diseases is the common. In autoimmune…

Q: What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? Include some symptoms associated with each.

A: Infection with HIV destroys the CD4 cells that helps to fight against infections. AIDS is the last…

Q: Explain one mechanism of antibody action against viruses.

A: 1. The viruses are internalized by the macrophages by phagocytosis.  2. Then they process the virus…

Q: Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.

A: Antibody An antibody(Ab) is a large protein molecules. The structure of antibody molecule is Y…

Q: Explain : Vpr counteracts LAPTM5 to promote HIV-1 infection in macrophages

A: Vpr means viral protein R and it is a HIV  gene and protein product. This gene is responsible for…

Q: Briefly describe how activated cytotoxic T cells can kill virus-infected cells

A: Cytotoxic T cells  Commonly called CTLs are generated by the activation of T cells of WBC. The…

Q: Explain a comparison of good immunogens and poor immunogens.

A: A foreign substance that invades the body and activates the immune system to release antibodies…

Q: Explain how we can support HIV in a bullet form.

A: HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus is causative organism causing AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency…

Q: If you are infected with SARS-Cov-2, but have undetectable or low levels of antibodies a few months…

A: The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes a respiratory disease called COVID-19. It is a member of a large…

Q: Diagram the sequence of events by which a virus-infected cell is attacked and destroyed by cytotoxic…

A: Introduction: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are the types of lymphocytes produced in the bone…

Q: Determine the features of antibodies that make them particularly suited for forming complexes with…

A: The human body has about 37 trillion cells in total, although a significant portion of them are…

Q: Provide examples and mechanisms for an antibody-mediatedautoimmune disease directed against a…

A: Some basic information :- Immune system :- these are the cells or tissues which work together in…

Q: Identify two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody, and explain how…

A: Serology is the scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids. In practical immunological…

Q: Outline the events in the innate and adaptive immune responses, from when a pathogen invades to…

A: Introduction  Immunity: it is the property/capability of our system to fight against the harmful…

Q: Give the sequence of events from the time the B-cell encounters the antigen to actual antibody…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign antigen in order to prevent any…

Q: Would creating vaccines and using plasma antibodies be affective  in  treating Coronavirus?

A: Basically, Plasma therapy is a medical procedure that uses the blood of a recovered patient to…

Q: Explain the causes and effects of immunodeficiency

A: Immunodeficiency diseases are caused by a defect in one or more components of innate or adaptive…

Q: Describe the actions of an antigen-presenting cell.

A: Antigens are foreign elements that stimulate the production of antibodies by activation of the…

Q: Define HIV.

A: Virus is a small entity , acellular which behaves as both living as well as non living . Outside the…

Q: Describe the life cycle of HIV, noting the specific mechanisms it uses to accomplish each step

A: Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is a virus that is responsible for HIV infection. Acquired immune…

Q: Describe the features of an antigen, and explain what is meant by antigenic determinant.

A: A molecule or chemical structure that can attach to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor is…

Q: Describe antigenic variation.

A: Antigenic variation or alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a…

Immune Disorders

The collaboration between the cells and proteins that work together as a defense system against infection comprises the immune system.Each of them performs a variety of tasks to recognize and/or react against a foreign body.