Q: Describe the classes of antibacterial drugs that act on DNA orRNA, and characterize their uses.
A: Antibacterial drugs refers to those chemical substance that are derived from biological sources or…
Q: Define bacterial transformation? Who proved it experimentally & how?
A: Transformation is one of the methods of genetic recombination in bacteria. Transformation is the…
Q: Which of the following is not one of the objectives of the antibiotic resistance study? A.…
A: Need to find which of the following option is not related to antibiotic resistance study.
Q: Explain the Retroviral vectors of Gene Therapy ?
A: Retrovirus is used to infect the mammalian cells as they used host cells to multiply. Retrovirus is…
Q: Explain the difference between the two bacteriophagereplication pathways
A: They are non cellular entities which have their RNA (ribonucleic acid) or DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)…
Q: Discuss the possible advantages of quorum sensingproteins as antibiotic targets
A: Quorum sensing enables the bacteria to detect and respond to the cell population density by gene…
Q: How Replica plating verifies that bacterial resistanceis the result of preexisting mutations.?
A: When a bacterial population encounters a particular antibiotic, the individuals sensitive to that…
Q: Compare and contrast bacteriophage plaques with bacterial colonies.
A: A phage is consists of protein capsid and nucleic acid. A protein sheat that is contractile and…
Q: Discuss what is required for bacterial transformation and its outcomes.
A: Bacterial transformation is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up…
Q: How can one confirm/investigate the type of inhibition exerted by azt on the hiv reverse…
A: 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is a Thymine analogue. It inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by…
Q: Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance.
A: Answer- Antibiotic resistance is the ability of the bacteria to resist the antibiotic.
Q: Describe how a plaque assay is used to detect and estimate the numbers of phage particles.
A: Plaque is a term used in microbiology for a clear zone on a bacterial culture plate that indicates…
Q: Outline the steps of bacterial transduction?
A: Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. Some of them are injurious while some are beneficial to…
Q: From what other environments might E. coli bacteriophages be readily isolated?
A: Some of the prokaryotes, especially bacteria are infected with the viruses. These viruses are known…
Q: Compare and contrast ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy as approaches for delivering therapeutic…
A: Viral vectors are used as carriers for normal genes that replace the defective genes within the…
Q: Determine the method of distinguishing whether the bacteria has penicillinase activity or if the…
A: Penicillin works by preventing the manufacture of peptidoglycan, which is a crucial part of both…
Q: Briefly describe multi locus sequence typing (MLST) as it relates to the identification of Listeria…
A: Molecular typing is a technique that is used to identify microbial strains based on their genetic…
Q: Describe how the one step growth experiment demonstrates the events that take place during the lytic…
A: One step growth experiment: In this experiment only a single or one cycle of virus growth is…
Q: Give three reasons why Salmonella strains are very useful for mutagenesis studies
A: Ans- The standard set of bacterial strains that are used in the mutagenicity testing of…
Q: Describe the steps, starting from an endonuclease digested DNA sample, to complete a Southern blot…
A: Southern blotting is a hybridization method for identifying a specific DNA sequence in the host DNA.…
Q: List and describe the 4 mechanisms bacterial cells use in order to become antibiotic resistant.
A: Bacteria are a group of prokaryotic microscopic single celled organisms. They live in diverse…
Q: discuss the benefits and limitations of using a retroviral system or an adenovirus for the delivery…
A: Gene therapy involves the alteration of genes inside the cells of the body in order to treat or…
Q: Describe the mechanism through which oseltamivir (Tamiflu) inhibits influenza virus reproduction.
A: Oseltamivir (also known as TamifluR) is an antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor used to treat and…
Q: Discuss the penetration of the T4 bacteriophage during replication or infection?
A: Phages are viruses that use bacterial as a host cell.
Q: Explain how oseltamivir (Tamiflu) interferes with influenza virus replication.
A: The influenza virus is commonly known as the flu virus. An individual suffering from flu may…
Q: Describe how plasmids conferring multidrug resistance to bacteria may have evolved.
A: Plasmids are extrachromosomal, small, and self-replicating deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules…
Q: What are the optimal conditions for EcoRV and Aval restriction enzymes?
A: Restriction enzymes are also known as molecular scissors since they are used in cutting specific…
Q: What is the purpose of including a tube in the phage assay in which only the E. coli culture is…
A: Insects that feed on fecal, dung material and raw sewage are termed as coprophagous insects. These…
Q: Describe the generation of multiple-drug-resistantplasmids
A: Drug inactivation or modification is one mechanism of drug resistance. Changes to the target site.…
Q: Generalized and specialized transduction both involvebacteriophages. What are the differences…
A: Transduction is a method of transfer of genetic material in which a bacteria is infected by a virus.…
Q: . a. Compare the means by which retroviral and AAVvectors deliver therapeutic genes to human…
A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…
Q: Describe any three vectors less method of introducing the rDNA into a competent host cell?
A: rDNA is the recombinant DNA which is formed by combining desired genes from different organisms. It…
Q: Discuss the main phases (steps) of micropropagation briefly?
A: All organisms are made up of numerous cells. All cells further organize to form organs and organ…
Q: Outline the strategies commonly used to detect a cloned target gene in E. coli.
A: With the advancement of technologies, various divergent types of recombinant protein are being…
Q: Write in detail about the effects of presence as well as absence of MCS and reporter gene in a…
A: MCS (Multiple Cloning Sites ) -- Multiple cloning site is region of D.N.A. with in a plasmid that…
Q: Explain a ideal molecular surfactant design for mRNA vaccines
A: Answer :- mRNA vaccine address a promising option in contrast to regular immunization approaches in…
Q: Write the advantages and disadvantages of applying such application in the DNA of an organism. 2.…
A: According to the question, we have to write down the advantages and disadvantages of applying such…
Q: transmission electron micrographs during viral infection cycles of both in vitro and in vivo…
A: Electron micrographs are obtained with the help of electron transmission microscope. It helps in the…
Q: Discuss bacterial conjugation and the three mating types of bacteria (F-, F+, and Hfr).
A: Transfer of genes in prokaryotes occurs through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms such as…
Q: Explain Gene therapy with viral vectors?
A: Gene therapy is a medical technique that is used in the treatment of diseases by the help of genes.…
Q: Discuss RNA-Seq and its application in the study ofbacterial responses to heat shock.
A: RNA-seq (RNA-sequencing): This is a technique that can examine the quantity and sequences of RNA in…
Q: Discuss retroregulation and its significance in the biology of bacteriophage lambda during: a)…
A: Introduction Retroregulation can be defined as the control of gene expression from sites distal to…
Q: Viral gene delivery vectors are favored for therapeutic applications because of their efficiency and…
A: Viral gene delivery vectors or the viral vectors are the most preferred method of gene transduction…
Q: How is bacterial transformation used in biotechnology and How can we tell if we have successful…
A: Bacterial transformation may be referred to as a stable genetic change brought about by the uptake…
Q: Briefly describe how bacteriorhododpsin works?
A: Bacteriorhodopsin is a membrane protein found inside the cell membrane, generally on the crystalline…
Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of bacteriophage therapy
in treating bacterial infections.
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- Give three reasons why Salmonella strains are very useful for mutagenesis studies.Explain the difference between the two bacteriophagereplication pathwaysHow the use of the nucleic acid vaccine gives protection against diseases like COVID-19. Please briefly explain at your own words.? explain do it seriously
- Explain the difference between in vivo and ex vivogene therapy.A conjugation-deficient strain of A. radiobacter is used to combat crown gall disease. Explain how this bacterium prevents the disease, and describe the advantage of using a conjugation-deficient strain.Explain the effect of COM-blockers on bacterial transformation and their application in controlling drug resistance.
- How the use of the nucleic acid vaccine gives protection against diseases like COVID-19. Please explain it?Results from a Kirby Bauer antibiotic assay on a Gram-negative bacterial culture are described as follows: A) the bacterium is resistant to penicillin, an antibiotic that targets synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall and B) the bacterium is resistant to tetracycline, an antibiotic that targets the small subunit of the ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. Which of the results represents intrinsic resistant and which represents acquired resistants?Define CRISPR interference, describe its natural mechanism in bacterial defense and how it isexploited today in DNA editing.