Discuss the role that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its family of receptors play in angiogenesis.

Q: Name the major risk factors for atherosclerosis.

A: Any condition that interferes with the normal functioning of the body is considered a disease.…

Q: Summarize how clotting can theoretically be initiated by the activation of factor XII or by the…

A: Blood clotting is the process in which blood coagulates and gradually form a semi-solid and then…

Q: Differentiate vasculogenesis from angiogenesis. Explain why blood vessels degenerate as well as the…

A: Vasculogenesis is the process of blood vessel formation from endothelial progenitor cells.…

Q: Please discuss how digitoxin provides a positive inotropic effect and is used to treat congestive…

A: Digitoxin is  a cardiac glycoside that is used in the treatment of heart failure. Glycoside are…

Q: Describe they physiology that occurs with myocardial infarction (MI).

A: Myocardial infarction and stroke are frequent causes of death in North America, and they are…

Q: Briefly describe the significance of the balance between coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Why…

A: The fibrinolytic system consists of plasminogen and proenzyme which can be activated to active…

Q: Explain how the cross-sectional area of vessels (in cm2, range from 0 to 5000) affects the mean…

A: Blood Flow: It refers to the movement of blood though the vessels. The blood flows from arteries to…

Q: Hypoxia is believed to turn on the ‘angiogenic switch’ in tumors. What role do each of the following…

A: Macrophages Macrophages are inborn immune cells present in each tissue and required for homeostasis.…

Q: Give a detailed diagram design of cardiopulmonary bypass machine and how it functions.

A: Cardiopulmonary bypass: A technique called cardiopulmonary bypass is performed at the time of…

Q: Define erythropoietin.

A: The cells are the basic structural and functional unit of the living system. It consists of internal…

Q: Throughout the development of prosthetic heart valves, how might application of nanotechnology be…

A: Nano-technologists have gotten engaged with regenerative medicine through making of bio-materials…

Q: Describe the cellular and molecular events that lead toblood clotting

A: Blood clotting is a process by which a series of events take place, collectively that helps in the…

Q: Present the comparison of clinical benefit of statins and fibrates in the management of patients…

A: Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain other materials…

Q: What is creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and v d suggestive of a myocardial infarction?

A: vii) The creatine phosphokinase blood test is used to test different kinds of CPK levels within the…

Q: How do capillaries develop and grow (angiogenesis)? Explain with an example?

A: Angiogenesis, the physiological process by which development of new blood vessels from preexisting…

Q: What 3 clotting factors are inhibited by endogenous inhibitors? What 3 clotting factors are…

A: Blood coagulation is a procedure that converts circulating liquids into an insoluble gel inside the…

Q: Explain the various factors that promote and inhibit blood clotting.

A: Factors which promote blood clotting are- Factor I- Fibrinogen, it is a adhesive protein which forms…

Q: Describe why a doctor would give a patient that is diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction the…

A: Myocardial infarction is referred to as tissue death of heart muscle or heart attack it occurs when…

Q: What are angina pectoris, CABGS, and angioplasty?

A: Angina or angina pectoris is a heart condition described as chest pain, squeezing, heaviness or…

Q: Newer clinical guidelines suggest using a cut-point value of 120 mmHg for systolic blood pressure to…

A: Hypertension can be defined as the condition in which blood pressure will increase above the normal…

Q: Write a summary of the effects of active and passive Mechanisms on Vascular resistance?

A: Passive and active changes in vascular resistance result from changes in lung and vascular volumes…

Q: What is angiogenesis? Explain how anti-angiogenic agents can be used in cancer therapeutics

A: The  physiological process in which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing blood vessels,…

Q: Briefly present your explanation why lipid-lowering drugs can prevent atherosclerosis progression.

A: Atherosclerosis:-This is also called arteriosclerotic vascular disease(ASVD)-It is defined as that…

Q: Compare and contrast chronic stable angina and unstable angina.

A: Angina is type of chest pain which occurs as a result of reduced blood flow to the heart .

Q: For the heparin-coated membrane oxygenator, what is the function of the heparin in the design…

A: Oxygenator Or Artificial lung : device that is capable of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in…

Q: Discuss the mechanism underlying AP generation by cardiac autorhythmic cells

A: Simply put, a cardiac arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rate and/or rhythm that is not biologically…

Q: List the steps of the angiogenic cascade in correct order 1. VEGF binds to endothelial cells 2.…

A: Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature. It exists…

Q: What do mural cells do? a. Provide the endothelial tubes with structural stability and ability to…

A: ▪︎Mural cells control blood vessel constriction and dilation by regulating blood vessel diameter .…

Q: Mention four advantages and two limitations of capillary electrophoresis over HPLC.

A: Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a widely used separation technique in biochemistry. Here a very…

Q: Present the comparison of cardio selective and non-selective beta-blockers most commonly used for…

A: Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that blocks the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors. They are…

Q: Explain the design, function and disadvantag xygenators used in the cardiopulmonary bypass.

A: The heart refers to the circulatory organ that delivers oxygen and other nutrients to the body…

Q: Discuss the relationships among myocardial ischemia, angina, and silent ischemia.

A: Myocardial ischemia is a condition in which the blood flow to the heart muscle is obstructed and…

Q: Explain four ways that aging impacts the cardiovascular system.

A: Introduction  Cardiovascular system deals with supply of essential nutrients, hormones, respiratory…

Q: Name three mechanisms that can increase cardiacoutput.

A: The amount of blood that the heart pumps, each minute is defined by the term known as cardiac…

Q: Explain the design, function and disadvantage of the three types of oxygenators used in the…

A: Oxygenator: The oxygenator is a medical device, designed to transfer oxygen to infused blood and…

Q: All of the following are correct about the isovolumetric contraction, except  ____________.…

A: Isovolumetric contraction is that phase of cardiac contraction in which there is no appreciable…

Q: function and disadvantage of the three types of oxygenators

A: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a kind of extracorporeal circulation and its function is circulatory…

Q: Define inadequate erythropoiesis.

A: The process of RBCs or erythrocyte formation is called erythropoiesis. Erythropoietic organ in…

Q: Explain the design, function and disadvantage of the three types of oxygenators used in the…

A: The heart refers to the circulatory organ that delivers oxygen and other nutrients to the body…

Q: What is the logic of the transfusion compatibility in the ABO blood group system?

A: Introduction In this question we will discuss about the logic of the transfusion compatibility in…

Q: Compare angina and myocardial infarction.

A: In the human body, the heart plays a very important role as it is the main organ that accounts for…

Immune Disorders

The collaboration between the cells and proteins that work together as a defense system against infection comprises the immune system.Each of them performs a variety of tasks to recognize and/or react against a foreign body.