Explain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?

Q: How Are Signaling Pathways Organized and Integrated?

A: Signalling pathways are the pathway which provides interaction between two cells. They release…

Q: Contrast receptors that have intrinsic enzyme activity with thoseassociated with cytoplasmic Janus…

A: Receptors are membrane-bound protein structure, which binds with the ligand and induces cellular…

Q: Distinguish the pathways associated with the activation of protein kinase A, protein kinase C and…

A: The ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself…

Q: Describe three different responses of a cell-surfacereceptor on binding a signaling molecule and…

A: Cell surface receptors also called transmembrane receptors are present on the plasma membrane of the…

Q: How would you expect intracellular signaling to be altered in cells that have been infected with…

A: Cell signaling is part of any interactive activity that directs the basic activities of cells and…

Q: Discuss Signaling by Receptors that Interact with Cytoplasmic Janus Kinases?

A: Receptors are the surface proteins found on the plasma membrane of a cell. Receptors bind with the…

Q: What key role does signal transduction play in the signaling process?

A: Signal transduction is a biochemical process through which molecular signals got transmitted from…

Q: phospholipase C hydrolysis of PIP2 leads to activation of Protein Kinase C.

A: Answer: Instead of adenylyl cyclase another enzyme called phospholipase C is activated by the…

Q: Compare and contrast receptors associated with polar and nonpolar signaling molecules.

A: Receptors are the molecules of proteins in the target cell on the surface of the cell. There are two…

Q: Explain how G Protein Coupled receptors activate G proteins and how RGS (Regulator of G Protein…

A: The explanation for the above question is given below.

Q: What are the two major mechanisms through which cell signaling leads to a change in cell behavior?

A: Cells respond to the changes in their immediate environment. To cope up with such changes the cell…

Q: Describe what cyclin dependent kinase does in the activation of MPF and how this relates to signal…

A: Cyclin dependent kinase or CDK is catalytic and act as a protein kinase.CDKs are so named because…

Q: What are the possible outcomes of cell signaling?

A: Cell signaling refers to the biological phenomenon of cellular communication. The process of cell…

Q: Provide an overview of the cell signaling process.

A: Cell signalling forms a part of a communication process that co-ordinates multiple actions of the…

Q: Cell signaling in plant and animal cells is similar in some ways and different in others. What are…

A: Cell signaling means cells present in organisms interact with surrounding and other cells for proper…

Q: Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are __________. produced by the cell itself…

A: The process by which a cell receives or sends signals within itself and with the other cells is…

Q: What is the difference between a protein kinase and a secondmessenger? Can both operate in the same…

A: Signal transduction, also called cell signaling, is the process by which molecular signals are…

Q: Why does signaling always involve a cascade of multiple enzymatic reactions?

A: The answer is - to Amplify one signal into response that involves many enzymes.  For Example- in a…

Q: What are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how…

A: Cell signaling is part of the cellular communication process that regulates the basic activities of…

Q: What is long distance and local signaling?

A: Cells, in general, communicate using electrical and chemical signals. Chemical signals are proteins…

Q: Describe three ways in which a gradual increase inan extracellular signal can be sharpened by the…

A: Extra cellular signalling is considered an important aspect of a living organism. It plays a…

Q: Describe the function of the PTEN phosphatase in the PI-3 kinase signaling pathway. Why does a…

A: The PTEN gene encodes phosphatase and tensin homolog, which is a phosphatase in humans. and is a…

Q: Give an example of contact-dependent signaling. What are some proteins involved?

A: Cell to cell interaction is very much important during the developmental process and it involves…

Q: a. Cytoplasmic Receptor   b. Transmembrane Receptor   c. Intracellular Receptor   d. Nuclear…

A: Cell signalling is the process which results in changes in cell metabolism.

Q: If a cell has an excess of a subunits, what is likely to happen to signaling pathways that act…

A: Presence of more number of subunits in the receptor will further makes the signaling pathway complex…

Q: Binding of a signaling molecule to which typeof receptor leads directly to a change in…

A: The cells in the multicellular organisms communicate through the signaling molecules that are…

Q: Which of the following is incorrect about protein kinase A (PKA)? a. It is activated by the 2nd…

A: Introduction: Protein Kinase A is an enzyme present in our cells. It is dependent on the cellular…

Q: Discuss the family of nuclear hormone receptors and explain how ligand binding to such a receptor…

A: The structure of ligand receptor complex allows it to recruit co activators. When the ligand bind to…

Q: A biochemist is designing a new drug that will mimic the shape and function of a particular…

A: Many chemicals, both natural and man-made, can imitate or interfere with the endocrine system, which…

Q: Explain how an indirect neurotransmitter receptor mechanism (like A-G linked receptor) conduct cell…

A: neurotransmitters are chemical messenger that are capable of carrying, amplifying, and…

Q: If a cell wants to directly affect transcription of genes by utilizing cell signaling which of the…

A: Signalling molecules or ligands  are those which carries the specific information. Signalling…

Q: This inhibatory kinase phosphorylates an inactive M-Cdk. a) M-kinase b) Wee1 c) CAK d) Cdc25

A: CDKs are Cyclin Dependent kinases. CDKs work with cyclin to control cell cycle transition.

Q: Compare three types of signaling molecules: neurotransmitters, hormones, and local regulators.

A: Cell signaling is the process in which cell communicates with other cell with the help of signals.…

Q: Why can acetylcholine (or other signaling molecules) have so many different effects?

A: Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain and body of…

Q: In the case of GPCR (G protein coupled receptor) signaling pathways, which of the following…

A: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are cell surface receptors. They are also known as…

Q: ligand-gated ion channel and a G-protein coupled receptor

A: As all living cells comprise the cell membrane that protects the cell from the external environment…

Q: What is a protein kinase, and what is its role in a signaltransduction pathway?

A: Enzymes are the biological catalysts which are proteinaceous in nature. The function of an enzyme is…

Q: Discuss the Signaling by Receptors that function as Enzymes?

A: Enzymes are a class of proteins except for ribozymes (class of RNA) that increase the pace of the…

Q: How is an extracellular signal converted to an intracellular signal in signal transduction? Give a…

A: Signal transduction is a process in cell signaling.

Q: What happens when cAMP binds to the kinase?

A: cAMP is cyclic AMP ( adenosine monophosphate), cAMP used in intracellular signal transduction as…

Q: Protein kinase A activates phosphorylase kinase, which in turn activates glycogen phosphorylase.…

A: Introduction Protein kinase A (PKA) is an enzyme family whose function is determined by cellular…

Q: How does the binding of cAMP activate the kinase

A: Kinase is an enzyme that catalyses the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy,…

Q: How does a receptor “know” which signaling molecules to bind?

A: Signaling Receptors are a type of receptor that sends out signals. Receptors are ligand-binding…

Q: Which is useful for long-distance signaling, and why?

A: In science, the traditional principle of the sensory system confirms that it is a profoundly complex…

Q: Referring to the signalling diagrams, complete the table below. Consider how cell signalling will…

A: From the given narrative we can infer the following details - 1. For cancer to be triggered in  any…

Q: In the cAMP second messenger pathways, Protein kinase A is directly activated by _________.   A)…

A: The cellular response to a particular extracellular signal molecule depends on its binding to a…

Q: What is the function of a protein kinase? What amino acids are often phosphorylated by kinases?

A: All cells receive and respond to signals from their surroundings. Each cell is programmed to respond…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.