Explain the four hypersensitvity disorders that occurs during the immune system and how they are developed.

Q: Describe the role of the macrophage in theimmune response.

A: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are found in every tissue of the human body. They…

Q: Define polyclonal antibodies.

A: Antibodies are Y shaped soluble glycoproteins that are produced in response to the antigens by…

Q: Describe B lymphocytes and antibodies and explain how they function.

A: B LYMPHOCYTES WBC and a type of lymphocyte. Many B cells mature into plasma cells that produce…

Q: Identify the different types of interferons and describe their origin and actions.

A: Interferons are the naturally occurring glycoproteins and a part of the cytokine family synthesized…

Q: Describe the major histocompatibility complex, and explain how itparticipates in immune reactions.

A: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cell surface glycoprotein that express on nearly all…

Q: Define immunological tolerance, and explain mechanisms that may be responsible for T and B…

A: The lymphocyte is the type of white blood cell present in the vertebrate immune system. Lymphocytes…

Q: What are the three principal categories of immune system disorders? Give an example of each?

A: Immunodeficiencies are disorders caused by one or more defects of the immune system leading to…

Q: describe the actions of antibodies against diseaseagents;

A: A huge, Y-shaped protein utilized by the immune system to recognize and nullify foreign substances,…

Q: Describe some reasons for the declining efficiency of the immune system in old age?

A: The lymphatic system of the body provides immunity to the host. An immune system provides immunity…

Q: Describe the principal function of the two lymphocyte types, anddifferentiate between humoral and…

A: Lymphocytes are majorly classified into two types: B lymphocytes or B cells and T lymphocytes or T…

Q: Explain the contrasting properties of B Cells and T Cells.

A: There are three types of blood cells present in the human body. The White blood cells consist of…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity

A: IgM is one of the class of antibodies and consists of five four chain structures. It is the largest…

Q: Distinguish between active and passive immunity, and explain how each occurs.

A: Some living organisms cannot be visible by the naked eye and only can be seen under the microscope.…

Q: Describe the effects of aging on the immune system.

A: The immune system can be defined as the network of biological processes that protect the organism…

Q: Explain what occurs in immune complex diseases and giveexamples.

A: Immune complexes also known as antigen-antibody complex which are the aggregates of antigen and…

Q: Describe the processing and presentation of an intracellular antigen.

A: Antigen processing and presentation is an immunological process through which the antigen-presenting…

Q: Give an Overview of disorders of the immune system.

A: The disorders of the immune system occur when there is the abnormally low activity or overactivity…

Q: Give the principal function of lymphocytes, and differentiate between the two lymphocyte types and…

A: The principal function of lymphocytes: These are fundamental cells of our immune system and helps in…

Q: Describe the significance of bone marrow, blood, andlymph to cells and proteins associated with the…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign antigen in order to prevent any…

Q: Explain specifics and nonspecific immunity

A: The immune system has a vital role in protecting the body from outside pathogens (bacteria, viruses,…

Q: List and explain examples of immune disorders and allergies, and discuss the effects of stress on…

A: There are several immune disorder out of which auto immune diseases is the common. In autoimmune…

Q: Distinguish between humoral immune response and cell- mediated immune response.

A: DEFINITION  Humoral Immunity Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies. It displays a fast response…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity.

A: Natural immunoglobulin M is a pentameric, polyreactive antibody produced by the b1 B cells. This…

Q: Discuss the effects of the immune system with attention to the various types of immunity.

A: The complex network of cells and proteins is termed the Immune System. The main function of the…

Q: Explain the following concepts in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable; a.…

A: An immune response is a series of reactions, that takes place within an organism for the protection…

Q: Define an autoimmune disease, and explain howthe causative mechanism differs from a normaldefense.

A: Autoimmunity is defined as the inability of the body to distinguish between self and non-self. This…

Q: Describe the mechanisms of fever and its role in nonspecific immunity.

A: Answer: Fever : It is the temporary inclination of the body temperature. Generally a normal body…

Q: Define immunoglobulin (IG)

A: Immunoglobulin or IG are chiefly known as antibodies are large Y shaped protein  . These are…

Q: Describe the origins and effects of primary immune diseasescaused by B-cell, T-cell, or combined…

A: Immune system provides immunity or protection against foreign substances by involving specific…

Q: Explain the difference between an epitope and an antigen.

A: Introduction  Immunity is the capability of our body to fight against the diseases. This is done by…

Q: Describe the development of antigen receptors on lymphocytes

A: Lymphocytes are the white blood cells that are the major immune cells. The lymphocytes are…

Q: Describe an individual who would exhibit each type immunity. One for each of the four.

A: Innate immunity refers to anatomic barriers(skin, mucosa), physiologic barriers(temerature, pH),…

Q: Explain the general function of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

A: Immune cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow to produce several kinds of white blood…

Q: Describe in detail the information on what a Monoclonal Antibodies is

A: One way the immune system of the body attacks foreign agents is by producing large number of the…

Q: Explain the causes and effects of immunodeficiency

A: Immunodeficiency diseases are caused by a defect in one or more components of innate or adaptive…

Q: List the types of leukocytes of the immune system, and describe where they may be found.

A: Introduction  The human body is consisting of around 37 trillion cells in total however a large…

Q: Define hypersensitivity. List three types of hypersensitivity reactions. For each, note whether…

A: The immune system is responsible for the defence of the body against pathogens.

Q: Define cytotoxic T cell

A: Two types of lymphocytes are known. These are B cells and T cells. These are involved in adaptive…

Q: Describe the basic anatomy, physiology, and functions of the immune system

A: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM:- A complex network of cells, organs, tissues and the…

Q: Describe the features of an antigen, and explain what is meant by antigenic determinant.

A: A molecule or chemical structure that can attach to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor is…

Q: Define the term antibodies?

A: Antibodies are a type of protein molecule. Proteins are the biomolecules composed of one or many…

Q: Discuss three differences between antigen and antibodies

A: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms that can cause humans to become ill or die depending on the…

Q: Define the adaptive immune system:

A: we have different systems in the body which coordinates with each other to perform task of…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.