For a finite wing, the three main contributions to the total drag force are skin friction drag (profile drag), pressure drag (form drag), and induced drag.
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- Air at 20C flows at 1 m/s between two parallel flat plates spaced 5 cm apart. Estimate the distance from the entrance to the point at which the hydrodynamic boundary layers meet.For creeping flow over a three-dimensional object, the aerodynamic drag on the object does not depend on (a) Velocity, V (b) Fluid viscosity, ? (c) Characteristic length, L (d ) Fluid density, ? (e) None of theseA beach ball 20 cm in diameter traveling at a speed of 50 m/s in still air at 30°C is found to have a drag of 8 N. (a) Find the velocity at which the drag of a 60 cm sphere immersed in water at 15°C can be found from the above data. (b) What is the drag of the larger sphere at this velocity?
- The drag coefficient CD is a nondimensional parameter and is a function of drag force FD, density ? , velocity V, and area A. The drag coefficient is expressed as (a) FDV2 /2ρA (b) 2FD / ρVA (c) ρVA2 / FD (d) FDA / ρV (e) 2FD / ρV2AA 2-cm-diameter solid metal sphere falls steadily at about1 m/s in 20°C freshwater. If we use Table 7.3 for a dragestimate, is the sphere made of steel, aluminum, or copper?Air flows at 15°C with a velocity of 12 m/s over a flat plate whose length is 80 cm. Using one-seventh power law of the turbulent flow, what is the boundary layer thickness at the end of the plate? (The kinematic viscosity of air is 1.470 × 10−5 m2/s.) (a) 1.54 cm (b) 1.89 cm (c) 2.16 cm (d ) 2.45 cm (e) 2.82 cm
- For a laminar boundary layer growing on a horizontal flat plate, the boundary layer thickness ? is not a function of (a) Velocity, V (b) Distance from the leading edge, x (c) Fluid density, ? (d ) Fluid viscosity, ? (e) Gravitational acceleration, gA hydrofoil 50 cm long and 4 m wide moves at 28 kn inseawater at 20°C. Using fl at-plate theory with Retr= 5 E5,estimate its drag, in N, for (a) a smooth wall and (b) arough wall, ε = 0.3 mm.How do we use the Buckingham pi theorem to prove that drag coefficient is dimensionless?
- A ship 200 f t long with a wetted area of 5000 ft2 moves at 25 ft/s. Find the friction drag, assuming that the ship surface may be modeled as a flat plate, and ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft3 and ν = 1.2 × 10−5 ft2/s. What is the minimum power required to move the ship at this speed?An airplane has a mass of 50,000 kg (without load), a wing area of 360 m2 , a maximum lift coefficient of 3.25, and a cruising drag coefficient of 0.03 at an altitude of 12,000 m. Taking the density of standard air as ρ1 = 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level and ρ2 = 0.312 kg/m3 at 12,000 m altitude. (a) Generate a plot on computer software ( excel, matlab, etc.) of the safe takeoff speed at sea level Vs the load carried by the airplane (ranging from 0 kg to 20,000 kg of load). (b) Determine the power that must be delivered by the engines for a cruising speed of 800 km/hr.A paramecium is an elongated unicellular organism with approximately 50 μmin diameters and 150 μmin lengths. It swims through water by whip-like movements of cilia, small hairs on the outside of its body. Because it moves "head first" through the water, drag is determined primarily by its diameter and only secondarily by its length, so it's reasonable to model the paramecium as a 70-μm diameter sphere. A paramecium uses 2.0 PW of locomotive power to propel itself through 20∘C water, where 1 pW = 1 picowatt = 10−12W. What is its swimming speed in μm/s? Express your answer in micrometers per second.