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- How information asymmetry can impact economic efficiency. In your answer cover the following: a) What is principal-agent problem? Support your answer with relevant examples. b) What is efficiency wage? Support your answer with appropriate graph.Megan and Martha own competing hair salons that are in the same neighborhood. They are both considering offering their clients discounts in order to increase business. The payoff matrix shows their yearly incomes in thousands of dollars if they offer and do not offer discounts to their customers. Martha Megan Discount No Discount Discount $50, $75 $75, $60 No Discount $35, $90 $70, $85 If both Megan and Martha did not discount, what would each earn in yearly income? Megan would earn $50,000; Martha would earn $75,000. Megan would earn $75,000; Martha would earn $60,000. Megan would earn $35,000; Martha would earn $90,000. Megan would earn $70,000; Martha would earn $85,000. Megan would earn $35,000; Martha would earn $85,000.The princple-agent model xan explain non profit maximization in firms. Which of the following describves this model well? a. Managers, the agents, act irrationally or with bounded rationality. b. Shareholders, then principals act irrationally or with bounded rationality. c. There is asymmetric information between the shareholders (principals) and managers (agends) in terms of the managers' actions. d. Principles, interested in revenue maximization, force managers, their agents, to maximize revenue and growth. e. None of the above.
- 14. Company A and Company B are each telecommunications manufacturers. Both companies manufacture the same products, and they make their decisions based on the other's actions. Both companies are considering opening retail outlets to increase their profits. The payoff matrix shows the profits of the companies in millions of dollars if they choose to open retail outlets. The government imposes a new $5 million tax to open retail outlets. What is the expected outcome of the new payoff matrix, given the tax? The Nash equilibrium is for Company A to not open retail outlets and for Company B to open retail outlets. The Nash equilibrium is for Company A to open retail outlets and for Company B to not open retail outlets. The Nash equilibrium is for both Company A and Company B to open retail outlets. The Nash equilibrium is for both Company A and Company B to not open retail outlets. There is no Nash equilibrium after the change given in the scenario.…Consider the game in the image attached below, which is infinitely repeated at t = 1, 2, ... Both players discount the future at rate: delta E (0, 1). The stage game is in the image attached. "Grim Trigger" strategies: Describe the "Grim Trigger" strategy profile of this game. Draw the finite automata representation of this strategy profile. Find the lowest value of delta for this strategy profile to form a subgame perfect equilibrium.Suppose n firms decide whether to collude or not. Collusion comes at a cost: if the anti-trust regulator catches a firm colluding, it is forced to shut down operations. The probability that the regulator catches you depends on the number of firms in the market, and is equal to 1/n. That is, for a duopoly, the probability of being caught colluding is 50%. What is the minimum discount factor that would result in collusion in a market made of n=2 firms? Answer: 0.75 0.8 0.5 0.9
- A strategy for player 1 is a value for x1 from the set X. Similarly, a strategyfor player 2 is a value for x2 from the set X. Player 1’s payoff is V1(x1, x2) =5 + x1 - 2x2 and player 2’s payoff is V2(x1, x2) = 5 + x2 - 2x1.a. Assume that X is the interval of real numbers from 1 to 4 (including 1and 4). (Note that this is much more than integers and includes such numbers as 2.648 and 1.00037). Derive all Nash equilibria.b. Now assume that the game is played infinitely often and a player’s payoff is the present value of his stream of single-period payoffs, where dis the discount factor.(i) Assume that X is composed of only two values: 2 and 3; thus, aplayer can choose 2 or 3, but no other value. Consider the followingsymmetric strategy profile: In period 1, a player chooses the value 2. In period t(≥2), a player chooses the value 2. In period a player chooses the value 2 if both players chose 2 in all previous periods; otherwise, she chooses the value 3. Derive conditions which ensure…Exercise 6.6. Consider a duopoly in which companies compete according to Cournot's model. The inverse market demand curve is: P(Q)=100-Q , where Q=Q1+Q2 and the average and marginal costs of firms are constant and equal to 40 Calculate profits would each company make? How much would company 1 be willing to invest to reduce its CM from 40 to 25, assuming company 2 does not support it? Graphically show and comment on all results.For questions 32 - 35 consider the following "research and development" game. Firms A and B are contemplating whether or not to invest in R8D. Each has two options: "Invest" and "Abstain." A firm that invests will invent product X with a probability of 0.5, whereas a firm that abstains is incapable of invention. Investment costs $6. If a firm doesn't invent X. it makes 50 in revenue. If a firm invests and is the only one to invent X. it becomes a monopolist and generates $20 in revenue. If both firms invent X, each firm becomes a duopolist, and generates $8 in revenue. Revenues are gross figures (i.e. they are not net of investment costs), and there are no costs besides investments costs (i.e. no variable cost of production etc.). The firms are risk-neutral entities, and are uninformed of each other's investment decisions. Find the Nash Equilibrium (or Equilibria) of the "research and development" game. A. There are no Nash Equilibria B. Invest/Invest C. Invest/Abstain, and…
- For questions 32 - 35 consider the following "research and development" game. Firms A and B are contemplating whether or not to invest in R8D. Each has two options: "Invest" and "Abstain." A firm that invests will invent product X with a probability of 0.5, whereas a firm that abstains is incapable of invention. Investment costs $6. If a firm doesn't invent X. it makes 50 in revenue. If a firm invests and is the only one to invent X. it becomes a monopolist and generates $20 in revenue. If both firms invent X, each firm becomes a duopolist, and generates $8 in revenue. Revenues are gross figures (i.e. they are not net of investment costs), and there are no costs besides investments costs (i.e. no variable cost of production etc.). The firms are risk-neutral entities, and are uninformed of each other's investment decisions. Find the Nash Equilibrium (or Equilibria) of the "research and development" game. There are no Nash Equilibria Invest/Invest Invest/Abstain, and Abstain/Invests…Consider any market that has a demand curve given by: Qd = 125 - 0.4P. Being the total quantity demanded in the market, given the quantity in millions of units and the market price, calculated in monetary units. Imagine that there are 2 Cournot oligopolists operating in this market that have Cmg = CVme = 2. About this market, the question is: a) What is the reaction curvature of the oligopolists? b) What will be the production of each of the companies? c) What is the sale price for oligopolists?Q56 A Nash equilibrium is an outcome... a. Achieved by cooperation between players in the game. b. That is achieved by collusion where no party has an incentive to change their behaviour. c. Where each player's strategy depends on the behaviour of its opponents. d. That is achieved when players in the game have jointly maximized profits and divided those profits according to market share of each player. e. Where each player's best strategy is to maintain its present behaviour given the present behaviour of the other players.
