Identify each of the following designs as being an observational study or an experiment. If the study is an observational study, state whether is retrospective or prospective. If the study is an experiment, identify the explanatory and response variables.
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Identify each of the following designs as being an observational study or an experiment. If the study is an observational study, state whether is retrospective or prospective. If the study is an experiment, identify the explanatory and response variables.
1. A researcher wants to test the effectiveness of a new pill that lowers blood pressure. The researcher gives the pill to half the patients who have volunteered for the study, and gives a placebo pill to the other half. The blood pressure of each group is measured at the end of the study to assess the effectiveness of the new drug.
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- Which of the following is the best description of a multiple-baseline design? a. A study that takes several measures on nonequivalent groups before and after treatment. b. A study that takes baseline measures, then introducing the independent variable, and then retaking the baseline measures. c. A study that assesses the effects of introducing the treatment at different times over multiple subjects, behaviors, or situations. d. A study that reintroduces the independent variable after the second baseline measure.A researcher wishes to study the relationship between education and income separately for individuals who have college degrees, and for those who don't. To this end, he interviews 100 individuals in each category. Survey results are listed in the table below. non college graduates college graduates avg education 13 yr 18 yr std. dev. education 2 yr 1.2 yr Sxx 396 yr2 143 yr2 Avg. Income $67,200 $84,950 std. dev. income $9,400 $10,500 correlation coefficient .25 .15 a. Use the data above to find point estimates for regression coefficients B0NG and B1NG for non-college graduates and BoG and B1G for college graduates. b. Propose an unbiased estimator for the difference theta=B1G - B1NG in slope coefficients for the two sub-populations, and show that B(theta hat)= 0. c. Assume that the error terms ENG and EG for non-graduates and graduates, respectively, are both distributed normally, with known standard deviation oENG = oEG = $ 10,000. In that case, determine the…In a classic study, Shrauger (1972) examined the effect of an audience on performance for two groups of participants: high self-esteem and low self-esteem individuals. The participants in the study were given a problem-solving task with half of the individuals in each group working alone and a half working with an audience. Performance on the problem-solving task was measured for each individual. The results showed that the presence of an audience had little effect on high self-esteem participants but significantly lowered the performance for the low self-esteem participants. a. How many factors does this study have? What are they? b. Describe this study using the notation system that indicates factors and numbers of levels of each factor.
- To determine whether talking to plants affects their health, a researcher conducts a study in which he talks to one group of five plants and does not talk to the second group of five plants. After two weeks, he records the number of blooms produced by each plant (the dependent measure of their health). The researcher finds that, on average, the five plants he talked to produced 4.3 blooms (SD = 2.2), while the five plants he did not talk to produced 3.2 blooms (SD = 2.0). (a) Perform an independent-samples t-test to determine whether talking to the plants significantly affected their health.For each of the following three studies Identify whether the hypothesis can be tested experimentally or if it is a non-experimental hypothesis. What is the independent variable/grouping variable (and which is it, IV or GV)? What is the dependent variable? ***Be sure you use the correct label (H0 or H1/Ha) for your statistical hypotheses. Also, if make sure I know what the groups are (in other words, if you use m1 in your statistical hypothesis, make sure we know which group m1 is in the study design. Or use something other than numbers to let me know which mean is for which group.). 1. In a study of how well people can detect lying, male and female participants will try to detect deception in films of females talking to their friends, some of whom are lying.In a study attempting to replicate findings by Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston (2009), each participant was asked to plunge a hand into the icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, they repeated neutral words. The original research showed that, in addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table: _____________Amount of Time (in Seconds)_ Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4…
- In a study attempting to replicate findings by Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston (2009), each participant was asked to plunge a hand into the icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, they repeated neutral words. The original research showed that, in addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table: _____________Amount of Time (in Seconds)_ Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4…Suppose an observational study is said to be a case-control study. Which of the following is true? (1 answer) A.) The study observes facts from the present, or over a very short period of time. B.)The study attempts to control different levels of a variable, called factors, comparing results to a control group. C.) The study observes facts from the past, or accesses previous records. D.) The study observes characteristics of individuals over a long period of time, perhaps not concluding until many years from now.A mining company finds that daily lost-work injuries averages to 1.2. If the local union contract has a clause requiring that the mine be shut down as soon as three workers incur lost-work injuries, on what percentage of the days will the mine be operational throughout the day?
- What is the step-step solution to this problem? Does posting calorie content for menu items affect people’s choices in fast-food restaurants? According to results obtained by Elbel, Gyamfi, and Kersh (2011), the answer is no. The researchers monitored the calorie content of food purchases for children and adolescents in four large fast-food chains before and after mandatory labeling began in New York City. Although most of the adolescents reported noticing the calorie labels, apparently the labels had no effect on their choices. Data similar to the results obtained show an average of M = 786 calories per meal with s = 85 for n = 100 children and adolescents before the labeling, compared to an average of M = 772 calories with s = 91 for a similar sample of n = 100 after the mandatory posting. Use a two-tailed test with a α .05 to determine whether the mean number of calories after the posting is significantly different than before calorie content was posted. 3. Calculate r 2 to…A research group is interested in the relationship between exposure to mold in households after a major hurricane and the onset of acute respiratory illness in children. Suppose an observational study is conducted over 10 years following the natural disaster and the following two-by-two table was created in order to address the relationship between exposure and outcome. Acute Respiratory Illness No Acute Respiratory Illness Total Mold 378 156 534 No Mold 73 260 333 Total 451 416 867 Calculate the incidence of acute respiratory illness in the exposed and unexposed. Calculate the relative risk for ARI due to exposure in this study Interpret your findings from part BDefine each of the following terms in the context of experimental design. a. Response variable b. Factor c. Levels d. Treatments