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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- The following table gives the percentage of twin pairs studied in which both twins expressed the same phenotype for a trait (concordance). Percentages listed are for concordance for each trait in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. Assuming that both twins in each pair were raised together in the same environment, what do you conclude about the relative importance of genetic (H) versus environmental (E) factors for each trait? Trait MZ % DZ % Blood types 100 66Eye color 99 28 Measles 95 87 Diabetes 65 18Mental retardation 97 37Gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor) males call to females, and their calls can be characterized bythe pulse number and call period. The additive genetic variance of pulse number is 0.37,the additive genetic variance of call period is 0.16, and the covariance of the two traits is0.25. What is the additive genetic correlation of the two traits?The following table gives the percentage of twin pairs studied in which both twins expressed the same phenotype for a trait (concordance). Percentages listed are for concordance for each trait in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. Assuming that both twins in each pair were raised together in the same environment, what do you conclude about the relative importance of genetic versus environmental factors for each trait? Trait MZ % DZ % Blood types 100 66 Eye color 99 28 Mental retardation 97 37 Measles 95 87 Hair color 89 22 Handedness 79 77 Idiopathic epilepsy 72 15 Schizophrenia 69 10 Diabetes 65 18 Identical allergy 59 5 Cleft lip 42 5 Club foot 32 3 Mammary cancer 6 3
- Please assess the lowercase-Roman-numeral-labelled statements that appear immediately below and click the uppercase-letter-labelled response that is presented below and conveys the most accurate information. i. Phenotypes for quantitative traits are determined by multiple alleles at multiple loci. ii. Phenotypes for quantitative traits can be influenced during development by environmental factors. iii. Height exemplifies a quantitative trait in humans.iv. What appears to be a classic Mendelian trait could in fact be a quantitative trait but with one locus contributing a very, very, very large effect and many other loci contributing very, very, very small effects. v. Quantitative trait loci must occur on the same chromosome. Question 3 options: A) Statements i and ii convey inaccurate information. B) Statement v conveys inaccurate information. C) Statements i, ii, and iii convey inaccurate…One way to estimate narrow-sense heritability for a given trait isto compare __________ for _________.a. variances, related pairs of individualsb. correlation coefficients, related pairs of individualsc. variances, unrelated pairs of individualsd. correlation coefficients, unrelated pairs of individualsIf the environmental variance (VE) increases and all other variance components remainthe same, what will the effect be?a. Broad-sense heritability will decrease.b. Broad-sense heritability will increase.c. Narrow-sense heritability will increase.d. Broad-sense heritability will increase, but narrow-sense heritability will decrease.
- The heritability for egg weight in a group of chickens on a farm inMaine is 0.95. Are the following statements regarding this heritabilitytrue or false? If a statement is false, explain why.A. The environment in Maine has very little effect on the outcomeof this trait.B. Nearly all of the phenotypic variance for this trait in this groupof chickens is due to genetic variance.C. The trait is polygenic and likely to involve a large number ofgenes.D. Based on the observation of the heritability in the Mainechickens, it is reasonable to conclude that the heritability foregg weight in a group of chickens on a farm in Montana isalso very high.The leaf width of a particular plant has an environmental variance of 2.3 cm, an epistatic variance of4.8 cm, a dominance variance of 1.6 cm, and an additive variance of 3.8 cm. Determine, and interpret,the broad sense and narrow sense heritability.The following table gives the percentage of twinpairs studied in which both twins expressed the same phenotypefor a trait (concordance). Percentages listed arefor concordance for each trait in monozygotic (MZ) anddizygotic (DZ) twins. Assuming that both twins in eachpair were raised together in the same environment, whatdo you conclude about the relative importance of geneticversus environmental factors for each trait?
- Population A consists of 100 hens that are fully isogenicand that are reared in a uniform environment. Theaverage weight of the eggs they lay is 52 g, and the variance is 3.5 g2. Population B consists of 100 geneticallyvariable hens that produce eggs with a mean weight of52 g and a variance of 21.0 g2. Population B is raised in anenvironment that is equivalent to that of Population A.What is the environmental variance (Ve) for egg weight?What is the genetic variance in Population B? What is thebroad-sense heritability in Population B?What role would twin and adoption studies play in selecting a model for determining whether attendance at medical school is a heritable trait? What heritability values would make you take the study to the next level?A hypothetical study investigated the vitamin A content and thecholesterol content of eggs from a large population of chickens.The variances (V) were calculated, as shown at the top of the nextcolumn: Variance Vitamin A CholesterolVP 123.5 862.0VE 96.2 484.6VA 12.0 192.1VD 15.3 185.3 Calculate the narrow-sense heritability (h2) for bothtraits.