Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In the US, drug companies receive a patent of 100 years for each drug they develop. This allows them a prolonged legal monopoly on the sale of that drug.
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Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.
In the US, drug companies receive a patent of 100 years for each drug they develop. This allows them a prolonged legal
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- Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.After passage of the Kefauver–Harris Amendment in 1962, the number of new chemical entities introduced into the US market by pharmaceutical companies dropped substantially.In some countries, such as Canada and UK, direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising for pharmaceutical products is illegal or tightly controlled. Which of the following is NOT a reason why DTC is tightly controlled? Question 7 options: Asymmetric information: consumers are not in a good position to determine if a drug is what they need. DTC makes patients aware of new remedies. DTC can put a strain on doctor-patient relationship when patients demand some drugs that are not necessary or not the best options. DTC have the potential to drive up spending on drugs and exacerbate moral hazard.Licensure requirements give physicians a monopoly privilege to practice medicine. As such, they have certain responsibilities and obligations. True False
- Which of the following statements about expenditures on advertising is true? If a firm knows its product is of low quality, it will be willing to spend large amounts of money on advertising. When a firm spends a small amount of money on advertising, this signals that the quality of the good is high. When a firm spends a large amount of money on advertising, advertising can be construed as a signal of quality. Read the following example and determine whether it illustrates a common critique or defense of advertising. Gilberto sees a commercial for a Brand X clothing company that depicts the wearers of the clothes out having a good time with friends. Although he doesn't particularly need new clothes, the commercial prompts him to buy a Brand X t-shirt. This illustrates a common of advertising.Question The Orphan Drug Act provides special patent protection and financial support from the state government for drugs designed to treat patients with diseases or conditions that effect 200,000 people or less. True FalseHave Government regulators responded to the apparent change in the effects of concentration on hospital markets and now tend to see competition as beneficial? True or False
- Imperfect competition and moral hazard. Some economists have argued that moral hazard and monopolistic health care markets are two socially inefficient problems that partially cancel each other out. Relative to the optimal level of health care Q∗, how much health care is provided in the presence of moral hazard? Assume perfectly competitive health care markets. Relative to the optimal level of health care Q∗, how much health care is provided in the presence of monopolistic health care markets? Assume no moral hazard. Write a one-sentence defense of the argument that moral hazard and imperfectly competitive health care markets could combine to provide a good level of health care provision Q.Oculus and Maxygen are small drug companies. Oculus has obtained a patent on a new antibiotic that is effective against an emerging superbug—a bacteria that is resistant to traditional antibiotics. Unfortunately, the Oculus drug has severe side effects, making the drug unsuitable except for patients who are desperate. Ownership of this drug is worth $20 million to Oculus under the current situation. Maxygen has a patent on another drug that is of no therapeutic value in itself so the drug generates no current income for Maxygen. However, when combined in a particular way with the Oculus drug, it dramatically reduces the negative side effects. The value of the two drugs together is estimated at $55 million. Maxygen is negotiating to sell its patent to Oculus. Situations of this type are fairly common in the drug business and sales of patent rights are common. However, sometimes negotiations over such sales take a long time and sometimes negotiations are unsuccessful. Why…NutraSweet Aspartame is a low-calorie, high-intensity sweetener known by Monsanto’s brand name, NutraSweet. It was the key to the success of Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi in the 1980s. NutraSweet made billions of dollars, yielding very high profits. Such profits usually attract entry, but in this case entry was barred by a patent on the sweetener and because the process of creating the sweetener was expensive and difficult. Monsanto had a distinct capability—its monopoly. It had also created another strategic asset—the NutraSweet brand name as represented by its trademark ‘swirl.’ The problem was that Monsanto’s patent was about to expire. As a result, the Holland Sweetener Company began building an aspartame plant in Geleen, the Netherlands, to challenge Monsanto’s hold on the aspartame market. Holland Sweetener was a joint venture between the Japanese Tosoh Corporation and DSM (Dutch State Mines). What did Monsanto do? Why? What did Holland Sweetener do? Why?
- It is generally agreed that unrestricted price competition among insurers could be detrimental to the public, yet some people argue that antirebating laws represent an unnecessary restriction on price competition among insurance agents and that such laws should be repealed. What is your opinion?All of the following are true, except a. Some consumers may infer high quality from high price b. Low prices can indicate lower quality given that no other information is available c. Promotional campaigns do not affect consumer’s perception on quality d. It makes more sense to raise price when advertising makes demand less elasticA monopoly drug producer that has a constant marginal cost of $1 sells in only two countries and faces a linear demand curve of Q1 = 12 – 2P1 in Country 1 and Q2 = 9 – P2 in Country 2. What price does it charge in each country? What quantity does it sell in each country? explian