Indicate which choice is the best explanation for the following factual statement: the IE1 of lithium is lower than the IE1 of helium. A) The thrid electron in lithium goes into a new shell further away from the nucleus. This shell will be easier to remove an electron from, and therefore the IE1 is lower. B) The third proton pulls on the extra electron harder, thus lowering the IE1. C) Extra electrons always increase the electron-electron repulsion so the IE1 simply goes down. D) None of the above

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Quantum Chemistry

Quantum chemistry deals with the properties of chemical systems and their reactions. The branch of chemistry which is more concerned with quantum chemistry is physical chemistry. It is a more sophisticated field of theoretical physics which is concerned towards the application of physical concepts towards various chemical aspects such as, formation of atoms, chemical structure descriptions, chemical bond strength, hybridization, conjugation etc. Quantum chemistry mainly studies the various states i.e., ground state, excited state, transition states of the individual atoms or molecules taking place during any chemical reaction. The laws of motion explained by various scientists, which are termed as “classical mechanics” were not acceptable in terms of electrons, protons, atoms, light etc. Thus, a new theory named “quantum mechanics” emerged to understand the basic framework of various atomic and subatomic particles.