Jean Manning, Charles Kerfoot, and Edward Berger studied genotypic frequencies at the phosphoglucose isomerase (GPI) locus in the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris (a small crustacean known as a water flea). They collected 176 of the animals from a single location in Union Bay in Seattle, Washington, and determined their GPI genotypes by using electrophoresis (J. Manning, W. C. Kerfoot, and E. M. Berger. 1978. Evolution 32:365–374). Genotype Number S1S1 4 S1S2 38 S2S2 134 Determine the genotypic and allelic frequencies for this population.

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.