Mammals, like humans and apes, have 5 digits on their fore and hind limbs. Modern horses have 1. How might you recontrust the ancestral state of mammal tow number?a) investigate the number of toes on all extant horses and apesb) investigate the number of toes for other mammals and use parsimony to deduce the ancestral statec) investigate the number of toes for an outgroup that is closely related to mammals, for example reptiles or amphibiansd) either b or ce) all of the above

According to "Homo naledi – New Questions on Human Evolution ", what ARE possible explanations for how these individuals got into the cave?    A.There was a massacre B.The Homo naledi individuals lived in the cave and died there C.The bodies were deliberately disposed in the cave by other Homo naledi individuals or other hominins D.The Homo naledi individuals went into the cave to hunt animals

Which of the following early hominins exhibits the most morphological similarities with the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees? a. Orrorin tugenensis b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis c. Australopithecus anamensis d. Ardipithecus ramidus

This video refers to Denisovans as a “Ghost Lineage.” In fact, Denisovans don’t even have a formal scientific name. What is the physical evidence that anthropologists need to further define and understand the Denisovans?   A. None of the above   B. A Type Specimen (and more Denisovan fossils)   C. Neanderthal DNA   D. H. sapiens DNA

The Neanderthal nuclear genome: A. Shows that Neanderthals inherited their ability to flake stone directly from Homo habilis. B. Is overwhelmingly similar to the modern human genome. C. Demonstrates once and for all that Neanderthals had language. D. Is composed exclusively of mitochondrial DNA. E. Indicates that most Neanderthal females died young, which explains why Neanderthal populations were so small.

According to "Homo erectus – The First Humans”, what are the different hypotheses that might explain the stature of Homo floresiensis?    A.Island Dwarfism B.They might be descended from Homo habilis or an Australopithecine C.All the individuals had a genetic mutation D.Both A and B

According to "Our Earliest Ancestors", why can’t scientists just do DNA analysis on these fossil hominins to determine if they are a separate species and possibly what species they belong to?    A.The technology for extracting DNA from fossils hasn't been developed yet. B.Scientists can't perform DNA analysis on fossil hominins because the fossils have been contaminated with modern human DNA over the years, making it impossible to isolate the ancient genetic material. C.The fossils would need to be in a -5 degree Celsius environment to prevent DNA from degrading D.The DNA of fossil hominins is too similar to modern humans, making it difficult to distinguish between them.

One hypothesis for the Cambrian explosion was an increase in predator-prey relationships. It is thought that the resulting co-evolution of predator and prey may have been a factor in the rapid speciation of animals seen during this time. What findings in the fossil record would most support this? Group of answer choices a. increased incidence of larger-bodied animals b. increased incidence of sessile animals c. decreased incidence of animals with bilateral symmetry d. increased incidence of animals with radial symmetry e. increased incidence of shells, bony plates, spines, and/or claws

Why is it interesting that Homo luzonensis was found on an island?    A. The islands only formed after Homo luzonensis became extinct, so Neanderthals must have put them on the island   B. The islands were a few miles apart, and Homo luzonensis would have needed to either float by grabbing on a tree or make a raft   C. The islands were a few miles apart, and Homo luzonensis clearly had to learn how to fly to get to them   D. The islands were volcanoes when Homo luzonensis was alive, so it's unexpected that they were there

According to "The Complex Evolution of Homo sapiens", what is the significance of the L3 gene and who was the L3 woman?    A.Only individuals within North and South America descended from the L3 woman. B.All individuals within Africa are descended from the L3 woman. C.All individuals outside of Africa and who live in the Old World are descended from the L3 woman. D.All individuals outside of Africa are descended from the L3 woman