Nick is risk averse and faces a financial loss of $40 with probability 0.1. If nothing happens, his wealth is $260. If there is an actuarially fair insurance available to him, he buys the insurance so that his wealth would be the same in either state. True False
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- Abigail is a consumer whose utility is a function of her total wealth W. u(W ) = log W. Suppose that Abigail begins with initial wealth of A = 100 but will suffer a serious illness with probability π = 0.15 which will require extensive treatment costing L = 80. To hedge against this risk, Abigail considers buying a health insurance policy. She may buy as much insurance I as she wishes at a cost of p per dollar of coverage, so her payoffs in each state are Healthy Ill Probability 0.85 0.15 No Insurance 100 20 Claim 0 I Premium −pI −pI a) Show that Abigail is risk averse. b) Suppose that the insurance premiums are actuarially fair so that p = 0. Find Abigail’s expected wealth E[W ] and expected utility E[u(W )] as functions of how much insurance she buys I. c) How much insurance should Abigail buy?Abigail is a consumer whose utility is a function of her total wealth W. u(W ) = log W. Suppose that Abigail begins with initial wealth of A = 100 but will suffer a serious illness with probability π = 0.15 which will require extensive treatment costing L = 80. To hedge against this risk, Abigail considers buying a health insurance policy. She may buy as much insurance I as she wishes at a cost of p per dollar of coverage, so her payoffs in each state are Healthy Ill Probability 0.85 0.15 No Insurance 100 20 Claim 0 I Premium −pI −pI a) Now suppose that the insurance company raises premiums to p = 0.2 so that they are no longer actuarially fair. Find Abigail’s expected wealth E[W ] and expected utility E[u(W )]. b) How much insurance should Abigail buy now?A risk-averse expected-utility maximizer has initial wealth w0 and utility function u. She facesa risk of a financial loss of L dollars, which occurs with probability π. An insurance companyoffers to sell a policy that costs p dollars per dollar of coverage (per dollar paid back in theevent of a loss). Denote by x the number of dollars of coverage.(a) Give the formula for her expected utility V (x) as a function of x.(b) Suppose that u(z) = −e−zλ, π = 1/4, L = 100 and p = 1/3. Write V (x)using these values. There should be three variables, x, λ and w. Find the optimal value of x,as a function of λ and w, by solving the first-order condition (set the derivative of the expectedutility with respect to x equal to zero). (The second-order condition for this problem holds butyou do not need to check it.) Does the optimal amount of coverage increase or decrease in λ,where λ > 0?(c) Repeat exercise (b), but with p = 1/6.(d) You should find that for either (b) or (c), the optimal coverage…
- A woman with current wealth X has the opportunity to bet an amount on the occurrence of an event that she knows will occur with probability P. If she wagers W, she will received 2W, if the event occur and if it does not. Assume that the Bernoulli utility function takes the form u(x) = with r > 0. How much should she wager? Does her utility function exhibit CARA, DARA, IARA? Alex plays football for a local club in Kumasi. If he does not suffer any injury by the end of the season, he will get a professional contract with Kotoko, which is worth $10,000. If he is injured though, he will get a contract as a fitness coach worth $100. The probability of the injury is 10%. Describe the lottery What is the expected value of this lottery? What is the expected utility of this lottery if u(x) = Assume he could buy insurance at price P that could pay $9,900 in case of injury. What is the highest value of P that makes it worthwhile for Alex to purchase insurance? What is the certainty…Y5 Alfred is a risk-averse person with $100 in monetary wealth and owns a house worth $300, for total wealth of $400. The probability that his house is destroyed by fire (equivalent to a loss of $300) is pne = 0.5. If he exerts an effort level e = 0.3 to keep his house safe, the probability falls to pe = 0.2. His utility function is: U = w0.5 – e where e is effort level exerted (zero in the case of no effort and 0.3 in the case of effort).a. In the absence of insurance, does Alfred exert effort to lower the probability of fire?HINT: Calculate and compare the expected utility i) with effort, and ii) without effort. If effort is exerted, then the effort cost is paid regardless of whether or not a fire occurs.b. Alfred is considering buying fire insurance. The insurance agent explains that a home owner’s insurance policy would require paying a premium α and would repay the value of the house in the event of fire, minus a deductible “D”. [A deductible is an amount of money that the…Consider the constant relative risk aversion utility of wealth function from Chapter 3 for an investor with gamma parameter equal to 0.25: U(W) = W^(0.25)/(0.25) = 4W^(0.25). Suppose this investor is faced with a 50-50 bet to receive nothing or to receive 1000 dollars. What's a fair price for this bet to the investor? I.e., what is the certainty equivalent wealth (CEW) associated with this bet, for this investor
- Khalid has a utility function U = W1/2, where W is his wealth in millions of dollarsand U is the utility he obtains from the wealth. In a game show, the host offershim a choice between (A) $4 million for sure, or (B) a gamble that pays $1million with probability 0.6 and $9 million with probability 0.4.i. Graph Khalid’s utility function with the help of above utility function. Ishe risk lover? Explain. ii. Does A or B choice offer Khalid a higher expected prize? Explain yourreasoning with appropriate calculations. iii. Does A or B offer Khalid a higher expected utility? Again, show yourcalculations. iv. Should Jamal pick A or B choice? Why?Stewart will have a total wealth of $12,000 this year, if he stays healthy. Suppose Stewart has a 50% chance of staying healthy and a 50% chance of getting sick. If Stewart gets sick, then he will have to pay $8,000 for medical bills, leaving him $4,000 of total wealth. Under these conditions, Stewarts expected wealth (a.k.a. expected value of wealth) is $8,000. Based on the graph shown below, what level of wealth with certainty (i.e., wealth that Stewart is certain to have) would make Stewart equally as happy as he is when facing the 50% chance of being sick?. Priyanka has an income of £90,000 and is a von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility maximiser with von Neumann-Morgenstern utility index u(x) = square root x. There is a 1 % probability that there is flooding damage at her house. The repair of the damage would cost £80,000 which would reduce the income to £10,000. a) Would Priyanka be willing to spend £500 to purchase an insurance policy that would fully insure her against this loss? Explain. b) What would be the highest price (premium) that she would be willing to pay for an insurance policy that fully insures her against the flooding damage?
- Assume that your utility has a natural log function U(W)=ln(W), which is a concave function. Your car is worth $10,000 and your total wealth is $20,000 including the car. There is a 5% chance that a major accident occurs and you have a total loss of $10,000; a 10% chance that a minor accident occurs and you have a loss of $500; 85% chance you will not have any accident. Given these assumptions, how much are you willing to pay for an insurance that provides full coverage against car accidents? Thank you. Regards, Jim CarrollLeora has a monthly income of $20,736. Unfortunately, there is a chance that she will have an accident that will result in costs of $10,736. Thus leaving her an income of only $10,000. The probability of an accident is 0.5. Finally assume that her preferences over income can be represented by the utility function u(x) = 2ln(x).a) What is the expected income? What is Leora’s expected utility (you may leave in log form)? b) What is the certainty equivalent to her situation? What is the risk premium associated with her situation?c) What is the maximum that Leora would be willing to pay for a full insurance policy?d) Illustrate her expected utility, expected wealth, certainty equivalent, the risk premium and her willingness to pay for a full insurance policy in a diagram.Assume that the probability of having an accident in a year is 0.08. Suppose that your yearly income is 50,000 TRY and in case of an accident your income drops to 15,000 TRY. Your utility function is U(?) = ln (?) where C is consumption. a) What is your expected utility at the end of the year without insurance?b) Calculate an actuarially fair insurance premium for the full insurance. c) What would your expected utility be if you purchase a full insurance with actuarially fair premium? Will you buy this insurance, why or why not?