O Sensory (stretch) receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Effector organ (a) Monosynaptic stretch reflex Sensory receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron 3 Interneuron Motor (efferent) neuron 6 Effector organ (b) Polysynaptic withdrawal reflex Figure 12.11 Types of reflex arcs. (a) A monosynaptic reflex arc has two neurons and a single synapse. (b) A polysynaptic reflex arc has more than two neurons (in this case, three) and therefore has at least two synapses. The five components of a reflex arc are indicated by number.

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Learning and memory

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent and irreversible adaptive change in behavior. It always results from experience. The ability of an organism to store and recall the effects, sensations, and knowledge gained through learning and experience is called memory.