Pareto Charts. In Exercises 11 and 12 construct the Pareto chart. Journal Retractions In a study of retractions in biomedical journals, 436 were due to error, 201 were due to plagiarism, 888 were due to fraud, 291 were duplications of publications, and 287 had other causes (based on data from “Misconduct Accounts for the Majority of Retracted Scientific Publications,” by Fang, Steen, Casadevall, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 110, No. 3). Among such retractions, does misconduct (fraud, duplication, plagiarism) appear to be a major factor?

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Bar Graphs

A bar graph is a chart or graphical representation of data. A bar chart, also known as a bar graph, is a graph or chart that displays categorical data using rectangular bars with heights or lengths equal to the values they represent. Typically, bar graphs show categorical and numerical variables grouped in class intervals. A bar graph is useful for comparing and analyzing a set of data.