1 The Nature Of Light 2 Geometric Optics And Image Formation 3 Interference 4 Diffraction 5 Relativity 6 Photons And Matter Waves 7 Quantum Mechanics 8 Atomic Structure 9 Condensed Matter Physics 10 Nuclear Physics 11 Particle Physics And Cosmology Chapter2: Geometric Optics And Image Formation
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1CQ: What are the differences between real and virtual images? How can you tell (by looking) whether an... Problem 2CQ: Can you see a virtual image? Explain your response. Problem 3CQ: Can you photograph a virtual image? Problem 4CQ: Can you project a virtual image onto a screen? Problem 5CQ: Is it necessary to project a real image onto a screen to see it? Problem 6CQ: Devise an arrangement of mirrors allowing you to see the back of your head. What is the minimum... Problem 7CQ: If you wish to see your entire body in a flat mirror (from head to toe), how tall should the mirror... Problem 8CQ: At what distance is an image always located: at do,di, or f? Problem 9CQ: Under what circumstances will an image be located at the focal point of a spherical lens or mirror? Problem 10CQ: What is meant by a negative magnification? What is meant by a magnification whose absolute value is... Problem 11CQ: Can an image be larger than the object even though its magnification is negative? Explain. Problem 12CQ: Derive the formula for the apparent depth of a fish in a fish tank using Snell’s law. Problem 13CQ: Use a ruler and a protractor to find the image by refraction in the following cases. Assume an... Problem 14CQ: You can argue that a that piece of glass, such as in a window, is like a lens with an infinite focal... Problem 15CQ: When you focus a camera, you adjust the distance of the lens from the film. If the camera lens acts... Problem 16CQ: A thin lens has two focal points, one on either side of the lens at equal distances from its center,... Problem 17CQ: Will the focal length of a lens change when it is submerged in water? Explain. Problem 18CQ: If the lens of a person’s eye is removed because of cataracts (as has been done since ancient... Problem 19CQ: When laser light is shone into a relaxed normal-vision eye to repair a tear by spot-welding the... Problem 20CQ: Why is your vision so blurry when you open your eyes while swimming under water? How does a face... Problem 21CQ: It has become common to replace the cataract-clouded lens of the eye with an internal lens. This... Problem 22CQ: If the cornea is to be reshaped (this can be done surgically or with contact lenses) to correct... Problem 23CQ: Geometric optics describes the interaction of light with macroscopic objects. Why, then, is it... Problem 24CQ: The image produced by the microscope in Figure 2.38 cannot be projected. Could extra lenses or... Problem 25CQ: If you want your microscope or telescope to project a real image onto a screen, how would you change... Problem 26P: Consider a pair of flat mirrors that are positioned so that they form an angle of 120 . An object is... Problem 27P: Consider a pair of flat mirrors that are positioned so that they form an angle of 60 .. An object is... Problem 28P: By using more than one flat mirror, construct a ray diagram showing how to create an inverted image. Problem 29P: The following figure shows a light bulb between two spherical mirrors. One mirror produces a beam of... Problem 30P: Why are diverging mirrors often used for rearview mirrors in vehicles? What is the main disadvantage... Problem 31P: Some telephoto cameras use a mirror rather than a ens. What radius of curvature mirror is needed to... Problem 32P: Calculate the focal length of a mirror formed by the shiny back of a spoon that has a 3.00 cm radius... Problem 33P: Electric room heaters use a concave mirror to reflect infrared (IR) radiation from hot coils. Note... Problem 34P: Find the magnification of the heater element in the previous problem. Note that its large magnitude... Problem 35P: What is the focal length of a makeup mirror that produces a magnification of 1.50 when a person’s... Problem 36P: A shopper standing 3.00 m from a convex security mirror sees his image with a magnification of... Problem 37P: An object 1.50 cm high is held 3.00 cm from a person’s cornea, and its reflected image is measured... Problem 38P: Ray tracing for a flat mirror shows that the image is located a distance behind the mirror equal to... Problem 39P: Show that, for a flat mirror, hi=ho, given that the image is the same distance behind the mirror as... Problem 40P: Use the law of reflection to prove that the focal length of a mirror is half its radius of... Problem 41P: Referring to the electric room heater considered in problem 5, calculate the intensity of IR... Problem 42P: Two mirrors are inclined at an angle of 60 ° and an object is placed at a point that is equidistant... Problem 43P: Two parallel mirrors are facing each other and are separated by a distance of 3 cm. A point object... Problem 44P: An object is located in air 30 cm from the vertex of a concave surface made of glass with a radius... Problem 45P: An object is located in air 30 cm from the vertex of a convex surface made of glass with a radius of... Problem 46P: An object is located in water 15 cm from the vertex of a concave surface made of glass with a radius... Problem 47P: An object is located in water 30 cm from the vertex of a convex surface made of Plexiglas with a... Problem 48P: An object is located in air 5 cm from the vertex of a concave surface made of glass with a radius of... Problem 49P: Derive the spherical interface equation for refraction at a concave surface. (Hint: Follow the... Problem 50P: How far from the lens must the film in a camera be, if the lens has a 35.0-mm focal length and is... Problem 51P: A certain slide projector has a 100 mm-focal length lens. (a) How far away is the screen if a slide... Problem 52P: A doctor examines a mole with a 15.0-cm focal length magnifying glass held 13.5 cm from the mole.... Problem 53P: A camera with a 50.0-mm focal length lens is being used to photograph a person standing 3.00 m away.... Problem 54P: A camera lens used for taking close-up photographs has a focal length of 22.0 mm. The farthest it... Problem 55P: Suppose your 50.0 mm-focal length camera lens is 51.0 mm away from the film in the camera. (a) How... Problem 56P: What is the focal length of a magnifying glass that produces a magnification of 3.00 when held 5.00... Problem 57P: The magnification of a book held 7.50 cm from a 10.0 cm-focal length lens is 3.00. (a) Find the... Problem 58P: Suppose a 200 mm-focal length telephoto lens is being used to photograph mountains 10.0 km away. (a)... Problem 59P: A camera with a 100 mm-focal length lens is used to photograph the sun. What is the height of the... Problem 60P: Use the thin—lens equation to show that the magnification for a thin lens is determined by its focal... Problem 61P: An object of height 3.0 cm is placed 5.0 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 20 cm and... Problem 62P: An object of height 3.0 cm is placed at 5.0 cm in front of a diverging lens of focal length 20 cm... Problem 63P: Au object of height 3.0 cm is placed at 25 cm in front of a diverging lens of focal length 20 cm.... Problem 64P: Two convex lenses of focal lengths 20 cm and 10 cm are placed 30 cm apart, with the lens with the... Problem 65P: What is the power of the eye when viewing an object 50.0 cm away? Problem 66P: Calculate the power of the eye when viewing an object 3.00 m away. Problem 67P: The print in many books averages 3.50 mm in height. How high is the image of the print on the retina... Problem 68P: Suppose a certain person’s visual acuity is such that he can see objects clearly that form an image... Problem 69P: People who do very detailed work close up, such as jewelers, often can see objects clearly at much... Problem 70P: What is the far point of a person whose eyes have a relaxed power of 50.5 D? Problem 71P: What is the near point of a person whose eyes have an accommodated power of 53.5 D? Problem 72P: (a) A laser reshaping the cornea of a myopic patient reduces the power of his eye by 9.00 D, with a... Problem 73P: The power for normal close vision is 54.0 D. In a vision-correction procedure, the power of a... Problem 74P: For normal distant vision, the eye has a power of 50.0 D. What was the previous far point of a... Problem 75P: The power for normal distant vision is 50.0 D. A severely myopic patient has a far point of 5.00 cm.... Problem 76P: A student’s eyes, while reading the blackboard, have a power of 51.0 D. How far is the board from... Problem 77P: The power of a physician’s eyes is 53.0 D while examining a patient. How far from her eyes is the... Problem 78P: The normal power for distant vision is 50.0 D. A young woman with normal distant vision has a 10.0%... Problem 79P: The far point of a myopic administrator is 50.0 cm. (a) What is the relaxed power of his eyes? (b)... Problem 80P: A very myopic man has a far point of 20.0 cm. What power contact lens (when on the eye) will correct... Problem 81P: Repeat the previous problem for eyeglasses held 1.50 cm from the eyes. Problem 82P: A myopic person sees that her contact lens prescription is —4.00 D. What is her far point? Problem 83P: Repeat the previous problem for glasses that are 1.75 cm from the eyes. Problem 84P: The contact lens prescription for a mildly farsighted person is 0.750 D, and the person has a near... Problem 85P: If the image formed on the retina subtends an angle of 30and the object subtends an angle of 5, what... Problem 86P: What is the magnification of a magnifying lens with a focal length of 10 cm if it is held 3.0 cm... Problem 87P: How far should you hold a 2.1 cm-focal length magnifying glass from an object to obtain a... Problem 88P: You hold a 5.0 cm-focal length magnifying glass as close as possible to your eye. If you have a... Problem 89P: You view a mountain with a magnifying glass of focal length f = 10 cm . What is the magnification? Problem 90P: You view an object by holding a 2.5 cm-focal length magnifying glass 10 cm away from it. How far... Problem 91P: A magnifying glass forms an image 10 cm on the opposite side of the lens from the object, which is... Problem 92P: An object viewed with the naked eye subtends a 2° angle. If you view the object through a 10 x... Problem 93P: For a normal, relaxed eye, a magnifying glass produces an angular magnification of 4.0. What is the... Problem 94P: What range of magnification is possible with a 7.0 cm-focal length converging lens? Problem 95P: A magnifying glass produces an angular magnification of 4.5 when used by a young person with a near... Problem 96P: A microscope with an overall magnification of 800 has an objective that magnifies by 200. (a) What... Problem 97P: (a) What magnification is produced by a 0.150 cm-focal length microscope objective that is 0.155 cm... Problem 98P: Where does an object need to be placed relative to a microscope for its 0.50 cm-focal length... Problem 99P: An amoeba is 0.305 cm away from the 0.300 cm- focal length objective lens of a microscope. (a) Where... Problem 100P: Unreasonable Results Your friends show you an image through a microscope. They tell you that the... Problem 101P: What is the angular magnification of a telescope that has a 100 cm-focal length objective and a 2.50... Problem 102P: Find the distance between the objective and eyepiece lenses in the telescope in the above problem... Problem 103P: A large reflecting telescope has an objective mirror with a 10.0-rn radius of curvature. What... Problem 104P: A small telescope has a concave mirror with a 2.00-rn radius of curvature for its objective. Its... Problem 105P: A 7.5 binocular produces an angular magnification of —7.50, acting like a telescope. (Mirrors are... Problem 106P: Construct Your Own Problem Consider a telescope of the type used by Galileo, having a convex... Problem 107P: Trace rays to find which way the given ray will emerge after refraction through the thin lens in the... Problem 108P: Copy and draw rays to find the final image in the following diagram. (Hint: Find the intermediate... Problem 109P: A concave mirror of radius of curvature 10 cm is placed 30 cm from a thin convex lens of focal... Problem 110P: An object of height 3 cm is placed at 25 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 20 cm.... Problem 111P: An object of height 3 cm is placed at a distance of 25 cm in front of a converging lens of focal... Problem 112P: An object of height 2 cm is placed at 50 cm in front of a diverging lens of focal length 40 cm.... Problem 113P: Two concave mirrors are placed facing each other. One of them has a small hole in the middle. A... Problem 114P: A lamp of height S cm is placed 40 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 20 cm. There is... Problem 115P: Parallel rays from a faraway source strike a converging lens of focal length 20 cm at an angle of 15... Problem 116P: Parallel rays from a faraway source strike a diverging lens of focal length 20 cm at an angle of 10... Problem 117P: A light bulb is placed 10 cm from a plane mirror, which faces a convex mirror of radius of curvature... Problem 118P: A point source of light is 50 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 30 cm. A concave... Problem 119P: Copy and trace to find how a horizontal ray from S comes out after the lens. Use nglass=1.5for the... Problem 120P: Copy and trace how a horizontal ray from S comes out after the lens. Use n=1.55 for the glass. Problem 121P: Copy and draw rays to figure out the final image. Problem 122P: By ray tracing or by calculation, find the place inside the glass where rays from S converge as a... Problem 123P: A diverging lens has a focal length of 20 cm. What is the power of the lens in diopters? Problem 124P: Two lenses of focal lengths of f1and f2are glued together with transparent material of negligible... Problem 125P: What will be the angular magnification of a convex lens with the focal length 2.5 cm? Problem 126P: What will be the formula for the angular magnification of a convex lens of focal length f if the eye... Problem 127AP: Use a ruler and a protractor to draw rays to find images in the following cases. (a) A point object... Problem 128AP: Where should a 3 cm tall object be placed in front of a concave minor of radius 20 cm so that its... Problem 129AP: A 3 cm tall object is placed 5 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm. Where is... Problem 130AP: You are looking for a mirror so that you can see a four- fold magnified virtual image of an object... Problem 131AP: Derive the following equation for a convex mirror: 1VO1VI=1VF where VO is the distance to the object... Problem 132AP: (a) Draw rays to form the image of a vertical object on the optical axis and farther than the focal... Problem 133AP: Use another ray-tracing diagram for the same situation as given in the previous problem to derive... Problem 134AP: You photograph a 2.0-m-tall person with a camera that has a 5.0 cm-focal length lens. The image on... Problem 135AP: Find the focal length of a thin plano-convex lens. The front surface of this lens is flat, and the... Problem 136AP: Find the focal length of a meniscus lens with R1=20cmand R2=15cm . Assume that the index of... Problem 137AP: A nearsighted man cannot see objects clearly beyond 20 cm from his eyes. How close must he stand to... Problem 138AP: A mother sees that her child’s contact lens prescription is 0.750 D. What is the child’s near point? Problem 139AP: Repeat the previous problem for glasses that are 2.20 cm from the eyes. Problem 140AP: The contact-lens prescription for a nearsighted person is —4.00 D and the person has a far point of... Problem 141AP: Unreasonable Results A boy has a near point of 50 cm and a far point of 500 cm. Will a —4.00 D lens... Problem 142AP: Find the angular magnification of an image by a magnifying glass of f = 5.0 cm if the object is... Problem 143AP: Let objective and eyepiece of a compound microscope have focal lengths of 2.5 cm and 10 cm,... Problem 144AP: Draw rays to scale to locate the image at the retina if the eye lens has a focal length 2.5 cm and... Problem 145AP: The objective and the eyepiece of a microscope have the focal lengths 3 cm and 10 cm respectively.... Problem 146AP: A far-sighted person has a near point of 100 cm. How far in front or behind the retina does the... Problem 147AP: A near-sighted person has afar point of 80 cm. (a) What kind of corrective lens the person will need... Problem 148AP: In a reflecting telescope the objective is a concave mirror of radius of curvature 2m and an... Problem 149AP: Two stars that are 109km apart are viewed by a telescope and found to be separated by an angle of... Problem 150AP: What is the angular size of the Moon if viewed from a binocular that has a focal length of 1.2 cm... Problem 151AP: An unknown planet at a distance of 1012 m from Earth is observed by a telescope that has a focal... Problem 69P: People who do very detailed work close up, such as jewelers, often can see objects clearly at much...
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Concept explainers
Part A: What is the speed of light in ethyl alcohol (n=1.36)?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Part B: What is the speed of light in lucite (n=1.50)?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Definition Definition Rate at which light travels, measured in a vacuum. The speed of light is a universal physical constant used in many areas of physics, most commonly denoted by the letter c . The value of the speed of light c = 299,792,458 m/s, but for most of the calculations, the value of the speed of light is approximated as c = 3 x 10 8 m/s.
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