"Slide 16" Capillaries of head and Superior vena cava forelimbs Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Capillaries of right lung Aorta Capillaries of left lung Pulmonary vein Pulmonary vein Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle 'Left ventricle Inferior Aorta vena cava Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs "Slide 21" Pulmonary artery Aorta Pulmonary artery Right Left atrium atrium Semilunar valve Semilunar valve Atrioventricular Atrioventricular valve valve Left Right ventricle ventricle "Slide 25" 1 Pacemaker 2 Signals are delayed at AV node. 3 Signals pass to heart apex. 4 Signals spread throughout generates wave of signals to contract. ventricles. SA node (pacemaker) AV node Bundle Purkinje fibers Heart branches арех ECG
Corona Radiata
Corona Radiata is a collection of nerve fibers present in the brain that carries messages between the brain cells of the cerebral cortex and the brain stem. Both brain stem and cerebral cortex play a role in motor function and sensation and it is the corona radiata that links both sensory and motor nerve pathways between these structures.
Neuron Structure
A neuron is defined as the functional unit of the body system called the nervous system. It is significant in transmitting signals that include receiving and sending the signals from a portion of the brain. The neurons are considered specialized cells in terms of their structure.
Afferent Neurons
Neurons are electrically excitable cells in the body specialized for receiving and transmitting information. They are referred to as the structural units of the nervous system. The important parts of a neuron include the cell body, dendrites, and axons.
Motor Homunculus
The term homunculus is Latin and is referred to as ‘little man’. In neuroanatomy, the cortical homunculus is either the motor or sensory distribution along the cerebral cortex of the brain. It was discovered by the great scientist ‘Wilder Penfield and Edwin Boldrey in the year 1937. It is a map that corresponds body part to touch sensitivity. The proportion of the sensory cortex to the size of the body region is irregular. For example, a small area is devoted to sensations that are arising from the trunk, and a large cortical area is devoted to the face and lips.
Nervous System
The nervous system is the portion of an animal's body that controls and transmits signals between various parts of the body. The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are the two primary components of the nervous system in vertebrates. The brain and spinal cord are housed in the CNS. The PNS is made up primarily of nerves, which are long fibers that link the CNS to every other part of the body, but it also includes peripheral ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, and the enteric nervous system, which is a semi-independent part of the nervous system that regulates the gastrointestinal system.
Describe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiac cycle for mammals (organisms with a double circulation). Please include in your description all the steps illustrated in slide #16 of the Cardiovascular System PowerPoint presentation (Lectures 5&6), as well as the opening and closing of all heart valves (refer to slide #21), and the signals arising from the SA and AV nodes (shown in slide #25). How does this cycle contribute to
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