Stealers, scope of inference: a study on the relationship between socio-economic class and unethical behavior. As part of this study 129 University of California Berkeley undergraduates were asked to identify themselves as having low or high social-class by comparing themselves to others with the most (least) money, most (least) education, and most (least) respected jobs. They were also presented with a jar of individually wrapped candies and informed that the candies were for children in a nearby laboratory, but that they could take some if they wanted. After completing some unrelated tasks, participants reported the number of candies they had taken. It was found that those who were identified as upper-class took more candy than others. a) Identify the population of interest in the study. b) Identify the sample in this study c) Can the results of the study can be generalized to the population? d) Can the findings of the study be used to establish causal relationships?

Do ethnic group and gender influence the type of care that a heart patient receives? The following pas- sage is from the article “Heart Care Reflects Race and Sex, Not Symptoms” (USA Today, February 25, 1999, reprinted with permission):Previous research suggested blacks and women were less likely than whites and men to get cardiac cathe- terization or coronary bypass surgery for chest pain or a heart attack. Scientists blamed differences in illness severity, insurance coverage, patient preference, and health care access. The researchers eliminated those differences by videotaping actors—two black men, two black women, two white men, and two white women—describing chest pain from identical scripts. They wore identical gowns, used identical gestures, and were taped from the same position. Researchers asked 720 primary care doctors at meetings of the American College of Physicians or the American Academy of Family Physicians to watch a tape and recommend care. The doctors thought the…

24)  Some research has shown that swearing can help reduce ratings of pain (Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston, 2009). In one such study, each participant was asked to plunge a hand into icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, the participants repeated a neutral word. In addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in their study are shown in the following table.      Amount of Time (in Seconds)   Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4 83 60 5 46 35 6 117 92 7 69 53 8 39 30 9 51 56 10 73 61   Do these data indicate a significant difference in pain tolerance between the two conditions?…

As a destination marketing director, you found that TV executives used the guideline that 25% of the viewers were watching Fox cable network, 22% watching NBC and CBS, and 19% watching ABC.  The remaining 12% were watching other cable networks such as CNN and MSNBC on a weekday night.  A random sample of 500 viewers in the D.C. metro area last Tuesday night showed 109 homes were tuned in to the Fox station, 125 homes tuning in to NBC affiliate, 100 homes tuning in to CBS affiliate and 81 homes tuning in to ABC affiliate.  85 homes were watching CNN and NSNBC cable stations.  At the 0.05 significant level, can we conclude that the guideline is still reasonable?

Economy in Recession? The Quinnipiac University Poll conducts nationwide surveys as a public service and for research. This problem is based on the results of one such poll. Independent simple random samples of registered Democrats, Republicans, and Independents were asked, “Do you think the United States economy is in a recession now?” Of the 628Democrats sampled, 220 responded “yes,” as did 349 of the 471 Republicans sampled and 342 of the 646 Independents sampled. At the 1% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that a difference exists in the percentages of registered Democrats, Republicans, and Independents who thought the U.S. economy was in a recession at the time?

Hamilton County Judges Reporter Kristen DelGuzzi of The Cincinnati Enquirer is writing a piece about the effectiveness of judges in Hamilton County, Ohio. In an overwhelming majority of the cases disposed, the verdict stands as rendered. However, some cases are appealed, and of those appealed, some of the cases are reversed. Over a three-year period the Hamilton County Common Pleas Court, Domestic Relations Court, and Municipal Court handled 182,908 cases. The purpose of the newspaper's study is to evaluate the performance of each court and the judges who render their decisions. Appeals are often the result of mistakes made by judges, and the newspaper wanted to know which court and which judges were doing a good job and which were making too many mistakes. You have been hired to assist in the data analysis at the court level (judge-level analysis will be done at a later time). You must use your knowledge of probability and conditional probability to help determine the likelihood of…

Cheaters, scope of inference: Exercise 1.5 introduces a study where researchers studying the relationship between honesty, age, and self-control conducted an experiment on 160 children between the ages of 5 and 15. The researchers asked each child to toss a fair coin in private and to record the outcome (white or black) on a paper sheet, and said they would only reward children who report white. Half the students were explicitly told not to cheat and the others were not given any explicit instructions. Differences were observed in the cheating rates in the instruction and no instruction groups, as well as some differences across children's characteristics within each group. a) Identify the population of interest in the study. b) Identify the sample for this study. c) Can the results of the study can be generalized to the population? Should the findings of the study can be used to establish causal relationships.

Sierra College students enrolled in an online Elementary Statistics course were asked to participate in an anonymous onlne survey. The survey asked the students "Which type of device will you primarily use to access your online course in Canvas?". Of the 152 students who answered this question, 20 responded "a desktop computer", 121 responded "a laptop computer", 6 responded "a smartphone", and 5 responded "a tablet". The Sierra College Mathematics Department believes that less than 5% of students enrolled in an online Elementary Statistics course primarily uses a smartphone to access their online course in Canvas. Use the data collected in the survey to conduct a hypothesis testing procedure to test this belief. What conclusion should be reached according to the results of this hypothesis test?