Structure and Function of DNA and RNA
Q: Write TRUE or FALSE. If false, write the word/s that make(s) the statement incorrect. 1. ATP is…
A: ATP is required for initiation of transcription as well as serves as one of the four monomers for…
Q: u have a 0.75 mg/mL solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA). You add…
A: Bovine Serum Albumin or BSA is a standard protein used to plot standard curve for measuring the…
Q: Although high cholesterol level is associated with cardiovascular disease, cholesterol plays an…
A: Cholesterol is an essential fat that is present in our body and is important for the synthesis of…
Q: Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? A. Cells in a resting metabolic state have low ATP…
A: Introduction: Lipid is one of the important sources of energy required for our body. It primarily…
Q: Structures of L-Cysteine from highly protonated to depronated form. Note Structure A as the most…
A: pKa is defined as the number which indicates the acidity of the particular molecule. It shows the…
Q: What is the relative inhibition of the kinase if the substrate concentration equals Ks And the…
A: Enzymes are protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation…
Q: Write structural formulas to represent the formation of the two dipeptides that form when leucine…
A: Peptide is a compound containing amino acids linked by peptide binds. The number of amino acids is…
Q: Not all of the acetyl-CoA from the mitochondria is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA because some are used…
A: Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Acetyl CoA cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane.…
Q: RNA polymerase subunits comprising the core enzyme are a.α b.β c.δ d.σ e.ω
A: RNA POLYMERASE It is a multi-subunit enzyme. It is composed of five subunits…
Q: a) Based only on the proton affinity values, which is the least likely position for initial…
A: Proton affinity value is defined as the negative of enthalpy change (ΔH) of process. Higher the…
Q: Dihedral angles of Phe165 of 4KW4 betasheet values are consistent with what is expected from the…
A: phi and psi angles are known as dihedral angles. They dictate the peptide conformation. phi…
Q: Through a short essay (min: 100 words), describe the importance of having adequate knowledge of…
A: Biochemistry is a branch of biology that deals with the chemical reaction occurring in an organism.…
Q: 1. Tyrosine has pK, values of 2.2, 9.2 and 10.5. a. Draw the pH/structure number line: Show all of…
A: Tyrosine have 3 ionizable groups. An alpha carboxylic acid group, an alpha amino group and a…
Q: How much DNA would you have after 30 cycles if you started with one DNA strand? a. 1.074 x 109 b.…
A: Polymerase chain reaction or PCR is a technique to amplify any segment of DNA in a template…
Q: From the data, what can you conlucde about the effect of this mutant?
A: The difference between tyrosine and phenylalanine is that tyrosine has an hydroxyl group. The liver…
Q: The oxidation of glucose takes place in two stages: glycolysis and aerobic respiration. Where in the…
A: Oxidation of glucose refers to the process of producing energy, ie ATP, from glucose. Two metabolic…
Q: Noncovalent interactions between molecules found in cellular systems include the fol EXCEPT:…
A: Biomolecules are molecules present in biological system like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic…
Q: Which of the following transfers fatty acid from carnitine to CoA I.carnitine translocase…
A: Fatty acids are building blocks of fats in our body and it is composed of organic molecules with…
Q: What is the first step in glycogen degradation? a) remodeling of the glycogen substrate b)…
A: Glycogenolysis is a process of breakdown of Glycogen to glucose. It takes place in the liver and…
Q: You obtained the following raw data when setting up a Bradford standard curve: BSA (mg/ml) 0 1 2 3 4…
A: The biuret assay can be used for quantitative determination of total protein concentration by…
Q: Which of the following statements is/are TRUE for photosynthesis? The e- moves from H20 to NADP+.…
A: Photosynthesis occurs in two phases- light phase and light independent phase (commonly known as dark…
Q: Give an overview of the positive impacts of microbial biotechnology on the environment
A: In microbial biotechnology use of microorganisms to obtain an economically valuable product. An…
Q: Cardiolipin is a membrane lipid found in bacteria and it is a major component of the inner membranes…
A: Cardiolipin (CL) is a complex phospholipid which is exclusively located in mitochondria. This…
Q: 23. The graph below is a graph of Vmax (a) Label the graph clearly with both the Vmax and the Km.…
A: As given in the question, V/Vmax was plotted with substrate concentration. V= rate of a reaction…
Q: What would the quality of the line-fit (R2 value) be if you do not exclude experimental outliers?…
A: Biuret assay is based on the generation of a purple colour when protein reacts with cupric ion in…
Q: The above reaction coordinate diagram in the presence of enzyme is inconsistent with the "lock and…
A: Enzymes are protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation…
Q: What structural differences exist between oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?
A: Class of naturally occurring substances and derivatives created from them are known as…
Q: Which of the following families:amino acid classifications is/are correct? a.aromatic:Met…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules that have an amino group a carboxyl group and a side group attached to…
Q: If acyetal-CoA dehydrogenase was unavailable, malonyl-CoA could not be made from aceytal-CoA. That…
A: There is no enzyme called acyetal CoA dehydrogenase or acetyl CoA dehydrogenase. The enzyme that…
Q: Urine samples for each patient were tested for ketone bodies, and a Benedict's reagent and glucose…
A: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycemia. It can be classified into two…
Q: Illustrate and compare the primary and secondary structural levels of nucleic acids.
A: Nucleic acids are polymers consisting of nucleotide-named monomers. A nucleotide consists of a…
Q: 8. Predict the effect of each of the following environmental changes on the pKa of a glutamate side…
A: The proteins are made of twenty naturally occurring amino acids. The net charge on the alpha ,…
Q: The tertiary structure of a protein is maintained by interactions between the side chains of amino…
A: Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are bound together by peptide linkage. Amino acids…
Q: Which of the following refer/s to viruses? A. They are disease-causing. B. They contain DNA or…
A: Introduction: Viruses are non-cellular microscopic particles that can replicate inside the living…
Q: You have a reaction that takes 8 hours to reach completion at 20 degrees celcius. What is the likely…
A: The chemical reactions are of two kinds: Exothermic and endothermic reactions. Endothermic reactions…
Q: 2. Draw a dipeptide with a trans linkage and a net charge of -1 at pH 7 a. Indicate which six atoms…
A: The peptides are composed of twenty standard amino acids that differ from each other in their…
Q: How was a genetic disease cause of? What was the chemstriy talk about the genetic diseases?
A: Genetic Disorder A disease or disorder that is inherited genetically and a human genetic disease…
Q: 4. Exhibit 4A The following question(s) refer to this peptide: Cys-Ala-Gly-Arg-Gln-Met Refer to…
A: The charge of the peptide is due to the ionizable groups present in the amino acids. The charge on…
Q: Functions of proteins in cells; How enzymes function as catalysts?
A: Chemical catalysts are substances that when added to a reaction increase the rate of reaction and do…
Q: Vasopressin: CYFQNCPRG Oxytocin: CYIQNCPLG Calculate the pI of each peptide. How…
A: Vasopressin is a antidiuretic hormone and regulates the water homeostasis, its major function are -…
Q: (4) What do you think is the metabolic defect in the patient?
A: Muscle biopsies are performed to detect muscle myopathies. Muscle myopathies are caused due to…
Q: Describe how the movement of electrons along the electron transport chain leads to the generation of…
A: Introduction: The electron transport chain present in the inner membrane of the mitochondria…
Q: There are different types of fatty acids that we will be discussed in the unit about lipids. The…
A: Fatty acids are organic molecules that act as the components of lipids. Fatty acids are classified…
Q: Which of the following is a required "reagent” in transcription?
A: The process of synthesizing RNA from the genetic information encoded by DNA is known as…
Q: The genetic code is both universal and degenerate. Explain how these aspects are an advantage, but…
A: Proteins are made up of amino acids encoded by codons. Each codon consist of three nucleotide which…
Q: Define the terms (i) facilitated diffusion, (ii) primary active transport and (iii) secondary active…
A: Transport means the export and import of molecules inside the cell or outside the cell. The membrane…
Q: Using a flow diagram, elaborate on how you would generate a recombinant plasmid.
A: Plasmid is a circular double stranded DNA molecule found in bacteria and is capable of self…
Q: Draw the following: A. a phosphatidylcholine with two oleic acid as the fatty acids B. a…
A: Lipids are structurally diverse biomolecules that have two things in common: low solubility in water…
Q: Aerobic respiration takes place in three stages: transition, Krebs cycle, and electron transport.…
A: Areobic Respiration : The process by which cells break down Glucose and generate ATP or energy. The…
Q: 3. The following descriptions are for the components of oxidative phosphorylation. List the name of…
A: The electron transport chain consists of a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner…
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- Calculating human genome If 1.5 percent of the human genome consists of protein-coding sequences, and the entire genome has 3.2x10^9, how many codons are there in the human genome? Remember that a codon is three nucleotides in length.Codon-Anticodon Recognition: Base-Pairing Possibilities (Integrates with Chapter 11.) Draw base-pair structures for (a) a G:C base pair. (b) a C:G base pair. (C) a G:U base pair, and (d) a U:G base pair. Note how these various base pairs differ in the potential hydrogen-bonding patterns they present within the major groove and minor groove of a double-helical nucleic acid.Helicase Unwinding of the E. coli Chromosome Hexameric helicases, such as DnaB, the MCM proteins, and papilloma virus El helicase (illustrated in Figures 16.22 to 16.25), unwind DNA by passing one strand of the DNA duplex through the central pore, using a mechanism based on ATP-dependent binding interactions with the bases of that strand. The genome of E. coli K12 consists of 4,686,137 nucleotides. Assuming that DnaB functions like papilloma virus El helicase, from the information given in Chapter 16 on ATP-coupled DNA unwinding, calculate how many molecules of ATP would be needed to completely unwind the E. coli K 12 chromosome.
- DNA has pKa ≈ 1.0. At normal pH what would the charge be for a double helix that is chain 50 angstroms long?22-71 Indicate whether each of the following statementsinvolving differences between DNA and RNA moleculesis true or false.a. Base pairing occurs in DNA but not in RNA.b. Both DNA and RNA are double-stranded molecules.c. RNA molecules are much larger than DNAmolecules.d. The base T in DNA is replaced by the base A in RNAComposition as a mole fraction of one of a double-stranded DNA strand T = 0.22 and C = 0.30. In the light of this information, the following values are Calculate as a fraction. If the given information is used to calculate the desired value, If it is not sufficient, indicate the result as X.
- pppApCpCpUpApGpApU-OH(a) Using the straight-chain sugar convention, write the structure of the DNA strand that encoded this short stretch of RNA.(b) Using the simplest convention for representing the DNA base sequence, write the structure of the nontemplate DNA strand.DNA True or false A long chain polymer in which the internucleotide linkages are of the diester type between C-3’ and C-5’ Hydrolyzed by weak alkali (pH 9 to 100°C) Different from RNA since in the latter the internucleotide linkages are between C-2’ and C-5 Usually present in tissues as a nucleoprotein and cannot be separated from its protein componentZ-DNA derives its name from the zig-zag conformation of phosphate groups. What features of the DNA molecule allow this structure to form?
- 23. Contrast the “functional” size of the four major classes of biomolecules. Background: Up until now, we have (generally) been considering the ideal properties of biomolecules without regard to the relative sizes of these molecules. In general, a “functional” DNA molecule is orders of magnitude larger than any other biomolecule. A typical size single-domain protein is, however, on the order of a very small segment of DNA. If we are going to understand the physiological role of DNA we need to consider the physiochemical implications of the size of a “functional” DNA molecule. About 30x bigger"2) When DNA is placed in distilled water, which is pH 7.0, it denatures (i.e., the two strands separate). The pH inside a cell is generally 7.2-7.5, depending on the organism, but DNA is generally double-stranded under physiological conditions. Briefly explain, in your own words, why DNA denatures when placed in distilled water but not when it is inside a cell. [Reminder: the pKa for the phosphate groups in the sugar-phosphate backbone of a strand of DNA is 2.14]Question:- Explain why there are very few sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA.
