Answered: The combined effect of the earth's…

Engineering

Civil Engineering

The combined effect of the earth's curvature and refraction on a level sight of 1200m is

Traffic and Highway Engineering

5th Edition

ISBN:9781305156241

Author:Garber, Nicholas J.

Publisher:Garber, Nicholas J.

Chapter14: Highway Surveys And Location

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12P

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Concept explainers

Control Survey and Geodetic reductions

Control surveys or survey controls are used to establish reference points as a basis for various construction activities. Vertical and horizontal control points are to be established in a control survey to increase accuracy. After establishing the control points, all other types of surveys such as topographic, right-of-way, aerial mapping, construction layout, boundary surveys, and utility mapping can be worked upon so that control networks can be formed. The place from which the observations are made is called a survey station.

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