1 The Nature Of Light 2 Geometric Optics And Image Formation 3 Interference 4 Diffraction 5 Relativity 6 Photons And Matter Waves 7 Quantum Mechanics 8 Atomic Structure 9 Condensed Matter Physics 10 Nuclear Physics 11 Particle Physics And Cosmology Chapter11: Particle Physics And Cosmology
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 11.1CYU: Check Your Understanding What is the baryon number of a hydrogen nucleus? Problem 11.2CYU: Check Your Understanding What is the lepton number of an electron-positron pair? Problem 11.3CYU: Check Your Understanding What is the strangeness number of a muon? Problem 11.4CYU: Check Your Understanding What is the baryon number of a pion? Problem 11.5CYU: Check Your Understanding How much energy does an election receive in accelerating through a 1-V... Problem 11.6CYU: Check Your Understanding A charged particle of a certain momentum travels in an arc through uniform... Problem 11.7CYU: Check Your Understanding Why is a symmetric collider “symmetric”? Problem 11.8CYU: Check Your Understanding The light of a galaxy that moves away from us is “redshifted.” What occurs... Problem 11.9CYU: Check Your Understanding Compare the abundance of helium by mass 10,000 years after the Big Bang and... Problem 1CQ: What are the four fundamental forces? Briefly describe them. Problem 2CQ: Distinguish fermions and bosons using the concepts of indistiguishability and exchange symmetry. Problem 3CQ: List the quark and lepton families. Problem 4CQ: Distinguish between elementary particles antiparticles. Describe their interactions. Problem 5CQ: What are six particle conservation laws? Briefly describe them. Problem 6CQ: In general, how do we determine if a particle reaction or decay occurs? Problem 7CQ: Why might the detection of panicle interaction that violates an established particle conservation... Problem 8CQ: What are the six known quarks? Summarize their properties. Problem 9CQ: What is the general quark composition of a baryon? Of a meson? Problem 10CQ: What evidence exists for the existence of quarks? Problem 11CQ: Why do baryons with the same quark composition sometimes differ in their rest mass energies? Problem 12CQ: Briefly compare the Van de Graaff accelerator, linear accelerator, cyclotron, and synchrotron... Problem 13CQ: Describe the basic components and function of typical colliding beam machine. Problem 14CQ: What are the subdetectors of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment? Briefly describe them. Problem 15CQ: What is the advantage of a colliding-beam accelerator over one that fires particles into a fixed... Problem 16CQ: An electron appeals in the muon detectors of the CMS. How is this possible? Problem 17CQ: What is the Standard Model? Express your answer in terms of the four fundamental forces and exchange... Problem 18CQ: Draw a Feynman diagram to represents annihilation of an electron and position into a photon. Problem 19CQ: What is the motivation behind grand unification theories? Problem 20CQ: If a theory is developed that unifies all four forces, will it still be correct to say that the... Problem 21CQ: If the Higgs boson is discovered and found to have mass, will it be considered the ultimate carrier... Problem 22CQ: One of the common decay modes of the is 0 is 0+p . Even though only hadrons are involved in this... Problem 23CQ: What is meant by cosmological expansion? Express your answer in terms of a Hubble graph and the red... Problem 24CQ: Describe the balloon analogy for cosmological expansion. Explain why it only appears that we are at... Problem 25CQ: Distances to local galaxies are determined by measuring the brightness of stars, called Cepheid... Problem 26CQ: What is meant by a “cosmological model of the early universe?” Briefly describe this model in terms... Problem 27CQ: Describe two pieces of evidence that support the Big Bang model. Problem 28CQ: In what sense are we, as Newton once said, "a boy playing on the sea-shore”? Express your answer in... Problem 29CQ: If some unknown cause of redshift—such as light becoming “tired” from traveling long distances... Problem 30CQ: In the past, many scientists believed the universe to be infinite. However, if the universe is... Problem 31P: How much energy is released when ail electron and a positron at rest annihilate each other? (For... Problem 32P: If 1.01030MeV of energy is released in the annihilation of a sphere of matter and antimatter, and... Problem 33P: When both an electron and a positron are at rest, they can annihilate each other according to the... Problem 34P: What is the total kinetic energy carried away by the particles of the following decays? 0+ K0++ +n++... Problem 35P: Which of the following decays cannot occur because die law of conservation of lepton number is... Problem 36P: Which of the following reactions cannot because the law of conservation of strangeness is violated?... Problem 37P: Identify one possible decay for each of the following antiparticles: (a) n, (b) 0, (c) +, (d) K, and... Problem 38P: Each of die following strong nuclear reactions is forbidden. Identify a conservation law that is... Problem 39P: Based on quark composition of a proton, show that its charge is +1. Problem 40P: Based on the quark composition of a neutron, show that is charge is 0. Problem 41P: Argue that the quark composition given in Table 11.5 for the positive kaon is consistent with the... Problem 42P: Mesons are fanned from the following combinations of quarks (subscripts indicate color and AR=... Problem 43P: Why can’t either set of quarks shown below form hadron? Problem 44P: Experimental results indicate an isolate particle with charge +2/3 —an isolated quark. What quark... Problem 45P: Express the decays np+e+vand pn+e++vin terms of decays of quarks. Check to see that the conservation... Problem 46P: A charged particle in a 2.0-T magnetic field is bent in a circle of radius 75 cm. What is the... Problem 47P: A proton track passes through a magnetic field with radius of 50 cm. The magnetic field strength is... Problem 48P: Derive the equation p = 0.3Br using the concepts of centripetal acceleration (Motion in TWO and... Problem 49P: Assume that beam energy of an electron-positron collider is approximately 4.73 GeV. What is the... Problem 50P: At full energy, protons in the 2.00-km-diameter Fermilab synchrotron travel at nearly the speed of... Problem 51P: Suppose a Wcreated in a particle detector lives for 5.001025s . What distance does it move in this... Problem 52P: What length track does a +traveling at 0.100c leave in a bubble chamber if it is created there and... Problem 53P: The 3.20-km-lfmg SLAC produces a beam of 50.0-GcV electrons. If there are 15,000 accelerating tubes,... Problem 54P: Using the Heisenberg uncertainly principle, determine the range of the weak force if this force is... Problem 55P: Use the Heisenberg uncertainly principle to estimate the range of a weak nuclear decay involving a... Problem 56P: (a) The following decay is mediated by the electroweak force: pn+e++ve Draw the Feynman diagram for... Problem 57P: Assuming conservation of momentum, what is the energy of each ray produced in the decay of a neutral... Problem 58P: What is the wavelength of a 50-GeV electron, which is produced at SLAC? This provides an idea of the... Problem 59P: The primary decay mode for the negative pion is +v . (a) What is the energy release in MeV in this... Problem 60P: Suppose you are designing a proton decay experiment and you can detect 50 percent of the proton... Problem 61P: If the speed of a distant galaxy is 0.99c, what is the distance of the galaxy from an Earth-bound... Problem 62P: The distance of a galaxy from our solar system is 10 Mpc. (a) What is the recessional velocity of... Problem 63P: If a galaxy is 153 Mpc away flora us, how fast do we expect it to be moving and in what direction? Problem 64P: On average, how far away are galaxies that are moving away from us at 2.0% of the speed of light? Problem 65P: Our solar system orbits the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Assuming a circular orbit 30,000 ly in... Problem 66P: (a) Wliat is the approximate velocity relative to us of a galaxy near the edge of the known... Problem 67P: (a) Calculate the approximate age of the universe from the average value of the Hubble constant,... Problem 68P: The Andromeda Galaxy is the closest large galaxy and is visible to the naked eye. Estimate its... Problem 69P: Show that the velocity of a star orbiting its galaxy in a circular oibit is inversely proportional... Problem 70AP: Experimental results suggest that a muon decays to an election and photon. How is this possible? Problem 71AP: Each of the following reactions is missing a single particle. Identify the missing particle for each... Problem 72AP: Because of energy loss due to synchrotron radiation in the LHC at CERN, only 5.00 MeV is added to... Problem 73AP: A proton and an antiproton collide head-on, with each having a kinetic energy of 7.00 TeV (such as... Problem 74AP: When an electron and positron collide at the SLAC facility, they each have 50.0-GeV kinetic... Problem 75AP: The core of a star collapses during a supernova, fanning a neutron star. Angular momentum of the... Problem 76AP: Using the solution from the previous problem, find the increase in rotational kinetic energy, given... Problem 77AP: (a) What Hubble constant corresponds to an approximate age of the universe of 1010 y? To get an... Problem 78CP: Electrons and positions are collided in a circular accelerator. Derive the expression for the... Problem 79CP: The intensity of cosmic ray radiation decreases rapidly with increasing energy, but there are... Problem 80CP: (a) Calculate the relativistic quantity =11v2/c2for 1.00-TeV protons produced at Fermilab. (b) If... Problem 81CP: Plans for ail accelerator that produces a secondary beam of K mesons to scatter from nuclei, for the... Problem 82CP: In supei novae, neutrinos are produced in huge amounts. They were detected from the 1987A supernova... Problem 83CP: Assuming a circular orbit for the Sun about the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, calculate its... Problem 84CP: (a) What is the approximate force of gravity on a 70-kg person due to the Andromeda Galaxy, assuming... Problem 85CP: (a) A panicle and its antiparticle are at rest relative to an observer and annihilate (completely... Problem 86CP: The peak intensity of the CMBR occurs at a wavelength of 1.1 mm. (a) What is the energy in eV of a... Problem 87CP: (a) Use the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to calculate the uncertainty in energy for a... Problem 66P: (a) Wliat is the approximate velocity relative to us of a galaxy near the edge of the known...
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The Hydra galaxy is moving away from Earth at 6 x 10^7 m/s. What fraction of the speed of light is this? Draw a sketch to illustrate your ideas and support your calculation
Definition Definition Rate at which light travels, measured in a vacuum. The speed of light is a universal physical constant used in many areas of physics, most commonly denoted by the letter c . The value of the speed of light c = 299,792,458 m/s, but for most of the calculations, the value of the speed of light is approximated as c = 3 x 10 8 m/s.
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