What are H and N spikes and how do they affect immunity in relation to the flue and why is it necessary to develop a new flu vaccine each year?

Q: How would a baby benefit from a nursing mother receiving a vaccine for COVID-19? Make sure you…

A: A vaccine is a biological preparation that will provide and develop an active acquired immunity to a…

Q: In the event of an inflammation in the body, discuss the vaccine concept after indicating how the…

A: Inflammation It is defined as a biological response of the immune system which is stimulated by…

Q: What are the two proteins/factors produced by cytotoxic - T cells to kill a virally-infected cell-

A: Introduction : It is type of immune cell which  kill certain cells, including foreign cells,…

Q: What is Immunoglobulin (Ig)

A: Protein is an important body-building macromolecule. There are four structural levels of proteins…

Q: What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity?

A: Type II hypersensitivity is a type of mechanisms of the immune system of the body. The immune system…

Q: Why Vaccine effectiveness declines with stress?

A: Stress can have all sorts of negative health effectsweight gain, sleeplessness, high blood pressure…

Q: How and why do B cells undergo a class switch from producing IgM antibodies to any of the other Ig…

A: Class exchanging happens after initiation of a develop B cell through its layer bound neutralizer…

Q: a. Knowing that fever is potentially both harmful and benefi cial, what are some possible guidelines…

A: Fever is the sudden rise in temperature of the body that is due to the physiological reasons like…

Q: Why is IgM particularly effective at cross-linking antigens?

A: Antigens can be defined as the substances that is responsible for triggering the immune response…

Q: What is the significance of a rise in titer of specific antibodies in serum samples taken at…

A: Antibodies or immunoglobulins are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the…

Q: Why do some of us make IgEantibodies against harmless antigensand thereby develop hay fever…

A: Responses like hay fever and allergic asthma are among the chronic diseases that are becoming a…

Q: What is MDR-TB? Is it communicable or non-communicable. Explain.  Give at least 5 ways to prevent…

A: Here we have to define MDR- TB and we have to mention that it is communicable or noncommunicable and…

Q: What is Delayed hypersensitivity?

A: Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions created by the conventional immune system, as well…

Q: Describe the reason as to why inducing plasma cells to secrete IgG instead of IgE prevents type |…

A: A biological system called the immune system is in charge of identifying and eliminating foreign…

Q: What is the enzymatic tag on the antibodies that interacts with the substrate causing the color…

A: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA) is biochemical analytical assay used for the detection of…

Q: What is the difference in the kinetics of antibody formation in response to a dirst and second…

A: The immune response is a reaction that occurs in an organism to protect against foreign substances.…

Q: With the preventive measure available to combat COVID-19, the term, “herd immunity” is often used.…

A: Coronavirus disease(COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. It…

Q: Even though the oral polio vaccine is not used in the developed world, it is still widely used in…

A: Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease. It is caused by the poliovirus. It is the most enduring…

Q: What are the conspiracies and myths about SARS CoV-2 vaccination ?

A: Coronavirus Coronaviruses are named for the crown like spikes on their surface. "corona" in Latin…

Q: During resistance exercise, three factors support muscle hypertrophy they include the following with…

A: Resistance exercises involve training to improve muscle strength by making muscles work against an…

Q: How does the immune response to yearly flu differ from that of the avian flu? How does this relate…

A: Yearly flu or seasonal flu is caused by influenza virus. It causes symptoms like fever, running…

Q: How could you design a new SARS-CoV3 vaccine that elicits broad immunity with B cell memory to…

A: SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, first appeared in China in late 2019. Since then, it has…

Q: What is the connection between B and T cells to build an effective immune response to SARS-Cov2?

A: The immune system comprises wide range of immune cells that functions together to protect the body…

Q: Two newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three subparts for…

Q: How does Humoral Immune response to SARS_COV-2?

A: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS_COV-2) is defined as the strain of the virus…

Q: importance of vaccine and herd immunity?

A: Biotechnology is a wide range of study where it uses its techniques with biological systems to…

Q: Why is creating a vaccine to SARS CoV2 challenging?  What is herd immunity and how can a vaccine…

A: Introduction Vaccines are medicines that build resistance to a particular illness. When you are…

Q: What are the types of hypersensitivity? Explain with an example.

A: Hypersensitivity is caused due to an exaggerated action of the immune system against a foreign agent…

Q: What are antigenic determininants? What is their role, and how do they function?

A: An antigen is a substance that is regarded as foreign by our immune system. The antigen induces our…

Q: How does Penicillin produce allergy?

A: Penicillin anti biotics are produced by certain blue moulds called the Penicillium moulds. They…

Q: Why does an inactivated vaccine induce only a humoral response, whereas an attenuated vaccine…

A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…

Q: With the emergence of new vaccines, what are the factors that lead resistance of people to vaccines?

A: In this question it is to describe that the emergence of new vaccines, what are the factors leading…

Q: What are the Characteristics that set serum sickness and the Arthus reaction apart from anaphylaxis?

A: Introduction: Serum sickness, Arthurs reaction, and  Anaphylaxis are all allergic reactions but the…

Q: What are main actions of cyclosporine of one of the most selective immunosuppressive agents?

A: Immunosuppressant drugs will inhibit cellular or humoral and or both of the immune responses and it…

Q: What symptoms might a person have when infected with influenza A? influenza B? influenza C?

A: Influenza virus causes the infectious disease called flu. There are three different flu viruses that…

Q: How different are theactions of antibodies againstbacteria and against virus?Why is the cellular…

A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…

Q: How does having herd immunity important with your battle with the COVID- 19 pandemic

A: *Immunity is a complex of biological system which have the the capacity to recognize and tolerate…

Q: In influenza virus, what is antigenic shift and how does it occur?

A: Influenza is a common viral infection that is caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,…

Q: Why are immunosuppressed individuals given antifungal agents?

A: 'Immunocompromised' refers to a weak immune system that is not functioning properly.

Q: List the three immune components causing cell lysis in type II hypersensitivity reactions.

A: Introduction: The host injury in type II hypersensitivity reactions is mediated by antibodies (IgG…

Q: Which type of vaccine is used for HSV infections and why?

A: Human Alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human Alphaherpesvirus 2 are the members of the Herpes Viridae family.…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.