What are the vectors for H5N1 and H1N3?

Q: What is the source of Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor-a, and interleukin 6?

A: Interleukin-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor-a, and Interleukin-6 are all types of cytokines that are…

Q: What is HAART in the treatment of HIV infection? What are the targets of the drugs that are…

A: HIV( human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in humans. It is…

Q: how  Misguided translocations can help cause Burkitt lymphoma?

A: Burkitt lymphoma is a rare cancer of the B-lymphocytes. It is a solid tumor that mostly affects…

Q: What is the likely mechanism of spread of NDM-1?

A: NDM-1 is the protein product of a gene that some bacteria produce. A bacterial strain containing…

Q: How can you educate people on the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in a way that can be easily understood

A: COVID-19 is a widespread disease that is caused by a virus named Severe acute respiratory syndrome…

Q: How do mRNA vaccines work? Why is this such a turning point in combating COVID-19?

A: A few vaccines utilize an entire virus or bacterium to show our bodies how to develop immunity to…

Q: What phrases do the CDC and other leading officials now use to describe the risk of contracting…

A: Covid-19 is a deadly, infectious disease that has resulted in a global pandemic. It is caused by a…

Q: Cite technological advancement that helps fight COVID-19.

A: COVID-19 is a disease caused by a coronavirus. The condition is an epidemic that spreads through the…

Q: What is the causitive agent of covid 19?

A: Causative agents are those biological pathogens that cause a disease, such as a virus, parasite,…

Q: What is germ-line knockout?

A: Germline knockout genetic techniques in which one of an organism's genes is made Inoperative ,…

Q: Which of the following individuals are carriers? (Choose ALL that apply)   I-2   II-2   I-1   IV-1…

A: Heterozygous means that an organism has two different alleles of a gene. Carriers are always…

Q: Why are premature infants susceptible to RDS?

A: Respiratory distress syndrome or RDS is the disease in which there occurs difficulty in breathing.…

Q: What is severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) ? Explain the symptoms & causes of severe…

A: BASIC INFORMATION DISEASE It is basically the illness of the body. This affects our bodily functions…

Q: what are different conditions associated HPV serotypes?

A: The human papillomavirus is a group of viruses and the group is made up of 200 viruses or more that…

Q: How does carrying a gene for sickle-cell anemiaprotect against malaria?

A: Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting the red blood cells of the body. It is an…

Q: What are the components of the yearly influenza vaccine?

A: Influenza vaccines are the vaccines that are produced to provide immunity against infections caused…

Q: What are the actions of interleukins-1, -2, -4, and -12?

A: Interleukins are the group of various cytokines which are having  low molecular weight. These are…

Q: What is the source of Interleukin 2?

A: Interleukin It is a group of naturally occurring proteins that mediate communication between cells.…

Q: vacinnation stops and controls the spread of this contaigous diseas. and also how is this related to…

A: Measels is a highly contagious disease. For example, outbreak of measles with nearly 5,000 deaths…

Q: What is the major function of Interleukin 2?

A: Interleukin 2 is a cytokine, a cell-to-cell signaling molecule in the immune system. It is part of…

Q: What is an antibiogram?

A: The infection caused by the proliferation of harmful viruses is called a viral infection. The…

Q: Why is it important to match HLA alleles between donor and recipient in organ transplantation?

A: HLA(human leukocyte antigen) are proteins or markers that are found on most cells in our body. They…

Q: What is the role of Ku70/80 in direct repair of DSBs?

A: DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to DNA…

Q: Describe two mutations that are associated with the development of leukaemia and how these two…

A: The type of cancer that will begin in the blood-forming tissue, generally in the bone marrow, is…

Q: What are anticoagulants?What are the practicalapplications of anticoagulants,like heparin, in…

A: Coagulation is the process of formation of threadlike protein fibers around the damaged blood…

Q: What are the major differences between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2?

A: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 (human T-cell leukaemia viruses 1 and 2) have identical genomic structures that…

Q: What possible outcomes might happen if swine fl u (H1N1) and avian fl u (H5N1) reassorted?

A: H1N1 is subtype of influenza A virus. It contains haemaggulitinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins.…

Q: Which person type O, A, B, or AB is considered a universal donor, and which is a universal…

A: Universal donor is the person who can give blood to any individual & universal recipient can…

Q: What are H and N spikes and how do they affect immunity in relation to the flue and why is it…

A: Common cold or flu is a viral infection that is transmitted through the air from person-to-person.…

Q: What is the role of neuradimase in the influenza life cycle?

A: Viral neuraminidase helps in release of progeny viruses and promotes the spread of viruses to the…

Q: What is a placebo and why is it used in some studies?

A: Placebos is a type of drug not but it is not exactly a drug, they look identical like a real drug…

Q: What are the mechanisms by which the attenuator forms when tryptophan levels are high and the…

A: Tryptophan is an amino acid. It is produced by many structural genes of an operon. An attenuator…

Q: What are BAC vectors?

A: Cloning vectors are the vehicles that are used in carrying the foreign DNA molecules. The cloning…

Q: What is the etiology of COVID 19? and its variants? and How is it being spread and how long is its…

A: Introduction  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus…

Q: What is the role of genomics in generating anti-SEMA3A monoclonal antibodies as a potential…

A: Genomics is the study of whole genetic component of an organism(genome) . This helps in identifying…

Q: Where do Hg resistant genes reside? How are theycontrolled?

A: Organisms probably been presented to poisonous substantial metals since the start of life on Earth…

Q: Where does the real risk of COVID-19 transmission lie?

A: isolation is the best cure for covid-19. Covid-19 is a contagious virus that spreads very fast.

Q: what is the differrence between PM2.5 and PM10?

A: Particulate matter ( PM ) is suspended toxic matter in the air which lower down the quality of air…

Q: What are the ethical issues faced in the healthcare system due to the Covid 19 pandemic?

A: The devastating pandemic strike on the global population lead to an influx of infected patients into…

Q: What is the Laboratory diagnosis of influenza A virus subtype H1N1? And what are the Prevention,…

A: Viruses are the infectious agents that belong to a class of parasites. They are smaller than…

Q: What is Interleukin 6 (IL-6)?

A: White blood cells were the first to express a type of cytokines known as interleukins (ILs). Based…

Q: What is the role of gp 120 for HIV?

A: HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS. HIV attacks…

Q: What is meant by MAOA gene?

A: The MAOA gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called monoamine oxidase A.

Q: What are the potential Vaccines against Covid-19?

A: Many potential COVID-19 vaccines are being developed by scientists all around the world. All of…

Q: What does BCR ABL positive mean?

A: The cancer of the white blood cells is known as Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in medical terms.…

Q: How do genetic tests identify disease risk factors?

A: Introduction  Now a days with advancement in the health care sector including molecular and…

Q: What is the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic in studying Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology?

A: We are all aware of our present situation that how covid-19 pandemic is affecting the whole globe.…

Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.