What is the maximum bandwidth at which an IP host can send 576-byte packets without having the ldent field wrap around within 60 seconds? Suppose that IP's maximum segment lifetime (MSL) is 60 seconds; that is, delayed packets can arrive up to 60 seconds late but no later. What might happen if this bandwidth were exceeded?

Given what we know about transmission delay and the following: A web client and a web server separated by one intermediary router. • Each link carries data at 1Mbps with an MTU of 8192 bytes • Each link is 1000 km long with a propagation speed of 250000 km/s • Zero processing and queueing delays • Connection management packets (packets used for opening a connection, confirming a connection and acknowledging receipt of information) contain no data and all packets have 125 bytes of overhead on top of any data they may contain. • The web client makes an HTTP request to the server that is 250 bytes long. • The requested data is 4 kilobytes in size with 500 bytes of overhead for the HTTP status and headers What is the RTT to open the connection? а. b. How long would it take for a web client to complete the request? You can ignore any time needed to close the connection.

An Internet user would like to transfer a message from his computer (host A) to another computer (host B). The size of the message passed to the IP layer is 3800 bytes. The datagram(s) carrying the message will have to cross two routers (R1 and R2) and 3 networks (NET1, NET2, and NET3) as described in the above figure. Each of these networks has a specific MTU (for example the MTU of network 1 is 1500 bytes. MTU here stands for Maximum Transmission Unit, the largest data that a frame can carry). Fill the table with the IP datagram(s) needed right after passing through NET3 (no need to show your fragmentation for N1 or N2). Assume a 2-byte options in the header. Show all your details (for partial points in case your numbers are incorrect). NET1 MTU=1500 R1 NET2 MTU=640 R2 NET3 MTU 1500 V BIU Fragment # Format Offset Flag (3 bits) Data Length Total Length ...

Communication between routers on the per-router control plane (or classical network) is accomplished using IP destination forwarding. To what extent does this message forwarding mechanism based on a recipient's IP address have restrictions? Provide at least three limitations, illuminating them via specific examples. The question is, what part does Software-Defined Networking (SDN) play in solving these problems? This will be explained with certain instances.