When a star erupts in a supernova explosion, huge numbers of electron neutrinos are formed in nuclear reactions. Such neutrinos from the 1987A supernova in the relatively nearby Magellanic Cloud were observed within hours of the initial brightening, indicating they traveled to earth at approximately the speed of light. Explain how this data can be used to set anupper limit on the mass of the neutrino, noting that if the mass is small the neutrinos could travel very close to the speed of light and have a reasonable energy (on the order of MeV).

Q: 3.4 Synchronous orbit* Find the radius of the orbit of a synchronous satellite that circles the…

A:

Q: Spatial separation between two events. For the passing reference frames of the figure, events A and…

A: Given Time period,  ∆t=tB-tA=2μs unprimed frame, ∆x=xB-xA=497M  d∆x'dβ=β∆x-c∆t1-β232=0 Where c is…

Q: A virtual particle having an approximate mass of 1014 GeV/c2 may be associated with the unification…

A: We know,

Q: What is a rest-frame spectrum of a typical BCG?

A: BCG's are bright cluster galaxies are the brightest galaxies among group of galaxies. there are many…

Q: The Schwarzschild radius of a black hole is the point at which the escape velocity equals that of…

A: Given, the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole is the point at which the escape velocity equals…

Q: Suppose a droplet of unknown mass remains suspended against gravity when Ey = -2.00  105 N/C. What…

A: The strength of the electric field is given as, Ey=-2×105 N/C The electric force exerted by the…

Q: Why should the particle that carries positive charge be almost 2000 times as massive as the one…

A: The proton carries the positive charge and the electron carries the negative charge. The body have…

Q: If a GUT is proven, and the four forces are unified, it will still be correct to say that the orbit…

A: There are four different fundamental forces in nature. Gravitational force Weak nuclear force…

Q: Kane tic energY for an oblect With mass maud Velo city u given by: equation KE-L mV

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Q: In the nuclear fission of a 238U nucleus, "fast" neutrons are emitted with a speed of 0.6497c.…

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Q: The average lifetime of a pi meson in its own frame of reference (i.e., the proper lifetime) is 2.6…

A: (a)The mean life time as measured by the observer on earth can be given as

Q: Observations of neutrinos emitted by the supernova SN1987a place an upper limit of 20 eV on the rest…

A: The value of Lorentz factor is,

Q: What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength?

A:

Q: For a randomly oriented orbit (binary star, extrasolar planet, etc.), what is the probability that…

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Q: How far could they travel in this time?

A: Given data:γ=11-v2c2Kinetic energy, KE = 500MeV

Q: How does relativistic time dilation prohibit neutrino oscillations if they are massless?

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Q: In a linear collider, two particles travel toward each other from opposite directions before…

A: velocity of electron (u) in lab's frame of reference = 23 cvelocity of positron (v) in lab's frame…

Q: A proton in a large accelerator has a kinetic energy of 175 GeV. (a) Compare this kinetic energy to…

A: (a) Write the expression for the relativistic kinetic energy of the proton, that is the difference…

Q: The average particle energy needed to observe unification of forces is estimated to be 1019 GeV .…

A:

Q: At full energy, protons in the 2.00-km-diameter Fermilab synchrotron travel at nearly the speed of…

A: Synchrotron are specific type of particle accelerators that uses magnetic field to bend the beam of…

Q: A particle of mass 250 gm was fıred from the origin with an initial velocity of 4 cm / s. Calculate…

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Q: A muon (mμc2 = 105.7 MeV) at rest decays into a electron (mec2 = 0.511 MeV) and a neutrino (whose…

A: Given,

Q: Particle Decay: A º pion decays via the process → y + y, emit- по ting one photon in the forward…

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Q: (a) Show that the proton-decay p → e+ + γ cannot occur because it violates the conservation of…

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Q: The total energy of a proton passing through a laboratory apparatus is 10.611 nJ.What is its speed…

A: The expression for the speed of the proton,

Q: Bubble-chamber photographs taken with a 0.40 T magnetic field show at one point a positron moving…

A: The equation for the radius is,   r=mvqBr=pqBp=qBr Here, p is the momentum,

Q: neutral pion moving with velocity v decays into to photons; one photon of energy E1 travelling in…

A: E1 = 2E2 we have to find v  The direction of two-photon are equal and opposite

Q: An antiproton p has the same rest energy as a proton. It is created in the reaction p + p → p + p +…

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Q: The mass of a theoretical particle that may be associated with the unification of the electroweak…

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Q: The nearest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri, 4.3 lightyears away. (a) At what constant velocity…

A: Given: The distance of Proxima Centauri is 4.3 ly. The time duration is 4.9 years.

Q: One possible decay mode of the neutral kaon is K0→π0+π0. The rest energiesof the K0andπ0are 498 MeV…

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Q: A beam of π+meson (pions) at Fermilab are traveling at a speed of 0.92cwithrespect to the…

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Q: how Wigglers and Undulators can enhance the brightness and intensity of Synchrotron Radiation ?

A: Wigglers and undulators are the magnets inserted in a synchrotron that are used in circular…

Q: The mass of a theoretical particle that may be associated with the unification of the electroweak…

A: Given data: Mass of theoretical particle is, M=1014 GeV/c2.

Q: Suppose there was a process by which two photons,each with momentum 0.65 MeV/c could collide and…

A: Given data The momentum of each photon is P = 0.65 MeV/c. Now, the total momentum of the process…

Q: The emission from the region surrounding an accreting super-massive black hole is seen to vary…

A:

Q: The average particle energy needed to observe unification of forces is estimated to be 1019 GeV .…

A: Given: The average particle energy is 1019 GeV. The rest mass of the particle 1019 GeV/c2.…

Relativistic Energy and Momentum

According to classical physics, time flow is the same for every observer. But according to einstein's theory, time flow is different for different observers. The idea that time flow is not the same for all may sound strange because we may not experience this effect in everyday life. This effect is only observed when an object moves with some velocity comparable to the velocity of light. This velocity is termed relativistic velocity.