White eyes in Drosophila melanogaster result from an X-linked recessive mutation. Occasionally, white-eyed mutants give rise to offspring that possess white eyes with small red spots. The number, distribution, and size of the red spots are variable. Explain how a transposable element could be responsible for this spotting phenomenon.

There are a small number of genes in which the maternal or paternal copy that an organism inherits is methylated. In one case in mice there are known mutations in the gene. If a mouse inherits a mutated gene from its mother, the mouse is normal. However, if the mouse inherits a mutated gene from its father, the mouse is much smaller than normal. Based on this information which allele is normally methylated, the paternal allele or the maternal allele? Explain your reasoning.

Explain why, in humans, chromosomal mutation rates in females are much higher than in males.

Aurora AAurora A is a protein that acts as a kinase (transfers phosphates to molecules). Many types of cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, have higher than normal levels of this protein.Expressions of Aurora A genes in normal breast tissues (n = 10), normal tissues adjacent to tumors (n = 12) and breast tumors (n = 14).Scientists studying the production of Aurora A protein in normal frog cells observed that the amount of this protein in the cells changed throughout the cell cycle.Scientists tested chemicals that block Aurora 2 to see if they could be used as anti-cancer drugs. They found that some of the candidate drugs did slow the growth of cancer cells in cell culture in the lab. But when they tested these drugs in cancer patients to see if the drugs could slow the growth of solid tumors, they found that the benefit to patients was small when compared to the development of severe side effects such as anemia (low red blood cell count) and leukopenia (low white blood cell…