Why are Neurotransmitters critical to our ability to experience stress, relaxation, pain and pleasure? Justify the answer with reference to the functions of Neurotransmitters.

Chronic stress has been suggested to be a contributing factor to Major Depressive Disorder. Explain the mechanisms by which the nervous system triggers stress responses, giving examples of the structures and molecules involved in these responses. Discuss how chronic stress might contribute to Major Depressive Disorder. Explain and evaluate the evidence supporting a role for chronic stress in the disorder. Use figures and diagrams to illustrate your answer (This is a neuroscience question)

To treat patients during the acute phase of opioid withdrawal, clinicians may use NSS-2 Bridge device, which is a small electrical nerve stimulator that is placed behind the person's ear and emits electrical pulses.   True or False

For the nervous system to convey information using electrical signals, the signals typically must be passed from one neuron to another. Oftentimes, this transfer of information across the synapse occurs via the release of neurotransmitters from the pre-synaptic terminal. When a large stimulus is detected in one neuron, it often conveys this information by releasing a larger amount of neurotransmitter into the synapse.

Draw a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron at to demonstrate the release and acceptance of a neurotransmitter. Identify the following in your drawing: Ca2+, synaptic cleft, receptor, synaptic vessicle, SNARE, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron

Would you please explain the axon's functioning and how neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and, as such, how the concept of dopamine reuptake blockage explains cocaine addiction?

Antidepressants work by O increasing presynaptic GABA secretion. increasing serotonin reuptake by the neuron. decreasing BDNF secretion by neurons. decreasing serotonin reuptake by the presynaptic terminal. All the answers are possible.

What is a post-synaptic potential and how is it caused? Describe the two types of post-synaptic potentials that can occur. Within this context, what does excitatory and inhibitory mean?

Parkinson's disease causes tremors and slow movement due to the brain's inability to produce enough dopamine. Thus, to treat Parkinson's, doctors would MOST likely prescribe a dopamine: efferent. agonist. antagonist.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…