Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
You are a living organism. Which characteristics of life do you exhibit?Why is the concept of homeostasis meaningful in the study of human biology?What is meant by biological evolution?4RQDefine and distinguish between: a. a hypothesis and a scientific theory b. an experimental group and a control groupInstructions in __________ govern how organisms are built and function.A _______ is the smallest unit that can live and reproduce by itself using energy, raw materials, and DNA instructions._______ is a state in which an organisms internal environment is maintained within a tolerable range.Humans are _________ (animals with backbones); like other primates, they also are _______.5SQA scientific approach to explaining some aspect of the natural world includes all of the following except _________. a. a hypothesis b. testing c. faith-based views d. systematic observations7SQA related set of hypotheses that collectively explain some aspect of the natural world makes up a scientific _________. a. prediction b. test c. theory d. authority e. observationWhich of the following is not a feature of a scientific theory? a. It begins as a hypothesis. b. It eventually is accepted as absolute truth. c. It requires critical thinking. d. It is not accepted as a theory until it has been tested repeatedly.The diagram below depicts the concept of _______. a. evolution b. reproduction c. levels of organization d. energy transfers in the living worldThe diagram to the right shows how tiles can be put together in different ways. How does this example relate to the role of DNA as the universal genetic material in organisms?Court witnesses are asked to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Research shows, however, that eyewitness accounts of crimes often are unreliable because even the most conscientious witnesses misremember details of what they observed. What other factors that might affect the truth a court witness presents?Design a test (or series of tests) to support or refute this hypothesis: People who have no family history of high blood pressure (hypertension) but who eat a diet high in salt are more likely to develop high blood pressure than people with a similar family history but whose diet is much lower in salt.In a popular magazine article the author reports health benefits attributed to a particular dietary supplement. What kinds of evidence should the article cite to help you decide whether the information is likely to be accurate?Researchers studied 393 patients in a hospitals coronary care unit. In the experiment, volunteers were asked to pray daily for a patients rapid recovery and for the prevention of complications and death. None of the patients knew if he or she was being prayed for. None of the volunteers or patients knew each other. The research team categorized how each patient fared as good, intermediate, or bad. They concluded that prayed for patients fared a little better than other patientsthe experiment having documented results that seemed to support the prediction that prayer might have beneficial effects for seriously ill patients. The results brought a storm of criticism, mostly from scientists who cited bias in the experimental design. For instance, the patients were categorized after the experiment was over, instead of as they were undergoing treatment, so the team already knew which ones had improved, stayed about the same, or gotten worse. Why do you suppose the experiment generated a heated response from many in the scientific community? Can you think of at least one other variable that might have affected the outcome of each patients illness?Distinguish between an element, an atom, and a molecule.Explain the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond.Ionic and covalent bonds join atoms into molecules. What do hydrogen bonds do?Name three vital properties of water in living cells.Which small organic molecules make up carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?Which of the following is the carbohydrate, the fatty acid, the amino acid, and the polypeptide? a. +NH3CHRCOO b. C6H12O6 c. (glycine)20 d. CH3(CH2)16COOHDescribe the four levels of protein structure. How do a proteins side groups influence its interactions with other substances? What happens when a protein is denatured?Distinguish among the following: a. monosaccharide, polysaccharide, disaccharide b. peptide bond, polypeptide c. glycerol, fatty acid d. nucleotide, nucleic acidThe backbone of organic compounds forms when _________ atoms are covalently bonded.A carbon atom can form up ________ to bonds with other atoms. a. four b. six c. eight d. sixteenAll of the following except ________ are building blocks or energy sources in cells. a. fatty acids b. simple sugars c. lipids d. amino acids e. nucleotides4SQ5SQ6SQWhich phrase best describes what a functional group does? a. assembles large organic compounds b. influences the behavior of organic compounds c. splits molecules into two or more parts d. speeds up metabolic reactionsIn ________ reactions, small molecules are linked by covalent bonds, and water can also form. a. hydrophilic b. hydrolysis c. condensation d. ionicMatch each type of molecule with its description. _________ chain of amino acids _________ energy carrier _________ glycerol, fatty acids, _________ phosphate _________ chain of nucleotides _________ one or more sugar units a. carbohydrate b. phospholipid c. protein d. DNA e. ATPWhat kinds of bonds often control the shape (or tertiary form) of large molecules such as proteins? a. hydrogen b. ionic c. covalent d. inert e. singleThe pH of black coffee is 5, and that of milk of magnesia is 10. Is the coffee twice as acidic as milk of magnesia?Draw a shell model of an uncharged nitrogen atom. Hint: Nitrogen has seven protons.3CTManufacturers make carbonated drinks by forcing pressurized carbon dioxide gas into flavored water. A chemical reaction between water molecules and some of the CO2 molecules creates hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate, which is a buffer. In your opinion, is this reaction likely to raise the pH of a soda above 7, or lower it? Give your reasoning.Describe the general functions of the following in a eukaryotic cell: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, organelles, and cytoskeleton.Which organelles are in the endomembrane system?Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: a. diffusion; osmosis b. passive transport; active transport c. endocytosis; exocytosisWhat do enzymes do in metabolic reactions?In aerobic cellular respiration, which reactions occur only in the cytoplasm? Which ones occur only in a cells mitochondria?For the diagram of the aerobic pathway shown in the next column, fill in the number of molecules of substances formed at each stage.The plasma membrane __________. a. surrounds the cytoplasm b. separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm c. separates the cell interior from the environment d. both a and cThe _________ is responsible for a eukaryotic cells shape, internal organization, and cell movement.Cell membranes consist mainly of a _________. a. carbohydrate bilayer and proteins b. protein bilayer and phospholipids c. phospholipid bilayer and proteins4SQThe passive movement of a solute through a membrane protein down its concentration gradient is an example of _________. a. osmosis b. active transport c. endocytosis d. diffusionMatch each organelle with its correct function.Which of the following statements is not true? Metabolic pathways _____. a. occur in a stepwise series of chemical reactions b. are speeded up by enzymes c. may break down or assemble molecules d. always produce energy (such as ATP)Enzymes _______. a. enhance reaction rates b. are affected by pH c. act on specific substrates d. all of the aboveMatch each substance with its correct descriptionCellular respiration is completed in the ______. a. nucleus b. mitochondrion c. plasma membrane d. cytoplasm11SQIn a mitochondrion, where are the electron transport systems and enzymes required for ATP formation located?1CTJogging is considered aerobic exercise because the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) can adjust to supply the oxygen needs of working cells. In contrast, sprinting the 100-meter dash might be called anaerobic (lacking oxygen) exercise, and golf nonaerobic exercise. Explain these last two observations.Section 3.17 mentions that arsenic poisons human cells because it halts the production of ATP. This happens because the structure of arsenic atoms closely resembles that of phosphorus atomsso close, in fact, that arsenic can take the place of phosphorus in chemical reactions. Why would the substitution of arsenic atoms for phosphorus atoms prevent the formation of ATP?The cells of your body never use nucleic acids as an energy source. Can you suggest a reason why?List the general characteristics of epithelium, and then describe the basic types of epithelial tissues in terms of specific characteristics and functions.List the major types of connective tissues; add the names and characteristics of their specific types.Identify and describe the tissues shown below.4RQList the basic types of membranes in the body.Define the terms tissue, organ, and organ system. List the bodys eleven major organ systems.What are some functions of skin?Define homeostasis.What is extracellular fluid, and how does the concept of homeostasis pertain to it?________ tissues have closely linked cells and one free surface. a. Muscle b. Nerve c. Connective d. EpithelialMost has collagen and elastin fibers. a. muscle tissue b. nervous tissue c. connective tissue d. epithelical tissue__________, a specialized connective tissue, is mostly plasma with cellular components and various dissolved substances. a. Irregular connective tissue b. Blood c. Cartilage d. Bone______tissue detects and integrates information about changes and controls a. Muscle b. Nervous c. Connective d. Epithelial_______can shorten (contract). a. Muscle tissue b. Nervous c. Connective tissue d. Epithelial tissueAfter you eat too many carbohydrates and proteins, your body converts the excess to storage fats, which accumulate in.____________. a. loose connective tissue b. . dense connective tissue c. adipose tissue d. both b and cThe bodys internal environment consists of______. a. blood plasma b. interstitial fluid c. the five body cavities d. both a and b.In______, physical and chemical aspects of the body are being kept within tolerable ranges by body are being kept within tolerable ranges by controlling mechanisms. a. Positive feedback b. Negative feedback c. Homeostasis d. metastasis_______detect specific environmental changes, an______ pulls different bits of information together in the selection of a response, and_____ carry out the response10SQIn people who have the genetic disorder anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, patches of tissue have no sweat glands. What kind of tissue does this disorder affect?2CTThe man pictured in Figure 4.17 wears skin ornaments applied by piercing. Among other functions, the skin is a barrier to potentially dangerous bacteria, and some people object to extensive body piercing on the grounds that it opens the door to infections. Explain why you do or dont agree with this objection. Figure 4.17 This young man has chosen to undergo multiple body piercings.4CT5CTDescribe the basic elements of bone tissue.What are the two types of bone tissue, and how are they different?Describe how bone first develops.Explain why bone remodeling is important, and give its stepsName the two main divisions of the skeleton.How does a tendon differ from a ligament?What are intervertebral disks made of and what is their function?What is a joint?What is the defining feature of a synovial joint?1SQBone tissue contains ______. a. living cells b. collagen fibers c. calcium and phosphorus d. all of these e. both a and b______are shock pads and flex points. a. Vertebrae b. Cervical bones c. Lumbar bones d. Intervertebral disksThe hollow center of an osteon (Haversian system) provides space for what vital part of compact bone tissue? a. Marrow b. collagen fibers c. a blood vessel d. osteocytes5SQMineralization of bone tissue requires_______. a. calcium ions b. osteoclasts c. elastin d. all of the aboveBone remodeling has all of the following functions except ____________ a. helps maintain homeostasis in blood level of calcium b. replaces old bone with fresh bone tissue c. exchanges collagen with elastin fibers for flexibility d. strengthens bones subjected to mechanical stressThe axial skeleton consists of the ______, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the _____9SQMatch the terms and definitions.Growth hormone, or GH, is used medically to spur growth in children who are unusually short because they have a GH deficiency. However, it is useless for a short but otherwise normal 25-year-old to request GH treatment in order to grow taller. Why?If bleached human bones found lying in the desert were carefully examined, would osteons be present? How about osteocytes and a marrow cavity?3CTThe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) helps stabilize the knee joint. It is easily injured by hyperextension of the knee. How would you have to move your lower leg to cause a hyperextension injury?In a general sense, how do skeletal muscles produce movement?In the diagram below, label the fine structure of a muscle, down to one of its myofibrils. Identify the basic unit of contraction in a myofibril.How do actin and myosin interact in a sarcomere to bring about muscle contraction? What roles do ATP and calcium play?How does a muscle fiber incur an oxygen debt?What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cell contraction?Explain why (a) calcium ions and (b) ACh are vital for muscle contraction.What is a motor unit? Why does a rapid series of muscle twitches yield a stronger overall contraction than a single twitch?What are the structural and functional differences between slow and fast muscle?1SQ2SQ3SQThe _____ is the basic unit of muscle contraction. a. myofibril b. sarcomere c. muscle fiber d. myosin filamentSkeletal muscle contraction requires _________. a. calcium ions b. ATP c. arrival of a nerve impulse d. all of the aboveNerve impulses first stimulate a skeletal muscle fiber at _______. a. T tubules b. sarcomeres c. neuromuscular junctions d. actin binding sites7SQ8SQ9SQ10SQYou are training athletes for the 100-meter dash. They need muscles specialized for speed and strength, not endurance. What muscle characteristics would your training regimen aim to develop? How would you alter it to train a long-distance swimmer?2CT3CTAt the gym Sean gets on a stair-climbing machine and climbs as fast as he can for fifteen minutes. At the end of that time he is breathing hard and his quadriceps and other leg muscles are aching. What is the physiological explanation for these Symptoms?List the functions of the cardiovascular system.Define a heartbeat, giving the sequence of events that make it up.What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary circuits?4RQ5RQState the main functions of venules and veins. What forces work together in returning venous blood to the heart?Label the hearts main parts in the diagram below.Cells obtain nutrients from and deposit waste into ______. a. blood b. lymph vessels c. each other d. both a and bThe contraction phase of the heartbeat is ______; the relaxation phase is _______.3SQIn the systemic circuit, the hearts _______ half pumps blood to all body regions; then blood flows to the heart. a. left; deoxygenated; oxygenated b. right; deoxygenated; oxygenated c. left; oxygenated; deoxygenated d. right; oxygenated; deoxygenatedAfter you eat, blood passing through the GI tract travels through the _______ to a capillary bed in the _______. a. aorta; liver b. hepatic portal vein; liver c. hepatic vein; spleen d. renal arteries; kidneys6SQ7SQ8SQ_____ contraction drives blood through the systemic and pulmonary circuits; outside the heart, blood pressure is highest in the _____. a. Atrial; ventricles b. Atrial; atria c. Ventricular; arteries d. Ventricular; aortaMatch the type of blood vessel with its major function. _____ arteriesa. diffusion _____ arteriolesb. control of blood distribution _____ capillariesc. transport, blood volume reservoirs _____ veinsd. blood transport and pressure regulators11SQA patient suffering from hypertension may receive drugs that decrease the hearts output, dilate arterioles, or increase urine production. In each case, how would the drug treatment help relieve hypertension?Heavy smokers often develop abnormally high blood pressure. The nicotine in tobacco is a potent vasoconstrictor. Explain the connection between these two facts, including what kind of blood vessels are likely affected.3CTSeveral years ago the deaths of several airline travelers led to warnings about economy-class syndrome. The idea is that economy-class passengers dont have as much leg room as passengers in more expensive seats, so they are more likely to sit essentially motionless for long periods on flightsconditions that may allow blood to pool and clots to form in the legs. This condition is called deep-vein thrombosis, or DVT. Given what you know about blood flow in the veins, explain why periodically getting up and moving around in the planes cabin during a long flight may lower the risk that a clot will form.1RQWhat are the cellular components of blood? Where do the various kinds come from?3RQWhat is an agglutination response? How can it be avoided when blood is transfused?5RQ1SQ2SQ3SQIn the lungs, the main factor in boosting the tendency of hemoglobin to bind with and hold oxygen is ___. a. temperature c. acidity (pH) b. the amount of O2 relative to the amount of CO2 in plasma c. acidity(pH) d. all are equally importantWhich of the following statements about red blood cells is false? a. They live about 120 days before being replaced. b. They lack a nucleus and other organelles when they are mature. c. They are replaced when the hormone EPO stimulates stem cells in bone marrow. d. They are replaced as part of a negative feedback loop in which kidney cells monitor blood oxygen levels e. All the above statements are true except b, because all cells require a nucleus in order to function properly.6SQ7SQ8SQThrombocytopenia (throm-bo-sye-tow-pee-ne-ah) is a disorder that develops when certain drugs, bone marrow cancer, or radiation destroys red bone marrow, including stem cells that give rise to platelets. Predict a likely symptom of this disorder.2CTBlood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes inject an anticoagulant into the victims bloodstream. How does this benefit the insect?1RQDistinguish between a. neutrophil and macrophage b. cytotoxic T cell and natural killer cell c. effector cell and memory cell d. antigen and antibodyWhat is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?What is the difference between an allergy and an autoimmune response?______ are barriers to pathogens at body surfaces. a. Intact skin and mucous membranes b. Tears, saliva, and gastric fluid c. Resident bacteria d. All are correctComplement proteins function in defense by _______. a. neutralizing toxins b. enhancing resident bacteria c. promoting inflammation d. forming pores that cause pathogens to disintegrate e. both a and b f. both c and d3SQ4SQAntibody-mediated responses work best against _______. a. pathogens inside cells b. pathogens outside cells c. toxins d. both b and c e. all are correctCell-mediated responses work best against ________. a. pathogens inside cells b. pathogens outside cells c. toxins d. both b and c e. all are correctThe most common antigens are __________. a. nucleotides b. triglycerides c. steroids d. proteinsThe ability to develop a secondary immune response is based on ______. a. memory cells b. circulating antibodies c. plasma cells d. effector cytotoxic T cells e. mast cellsTears are part of the bodys defensive arsenal. What defense category do they fall into, and why?Match the immunity concepts: __________ inflammation __________ antibody secretion __________ phagocyte __________ immunological memory __________ vaccination __________ allergy a. neutrophil b. plasma cell c. nonspecific response d. purposely causing memory cell production e. basis of secondary immune response f. nonprotective immune responseNew research suggests a link between some microbes that normally live in the body and seemingly unrelated major illnesses. The gum disease called periodontitis itself is not life-threatening, for instance, but it is a fairly good predictor for heart attacks. Bacteria that cause gum disease can trigger inflammation. Thinking back to your reading in Chapter 7, how do you suppose that this response also may be harmful to the heart?Given what you now know about how foreign invaders trigger immune responses, explain why mutated forms of viruses, which have altered surface proteins, pose a monitoring problem for a persons memory cells.Researchers have been trying to develop a way to get the immune system to accept foreign tissue as self. Can you think of some clinical applications for such a development?4CT5CTIn the diagram below, label the parts of the respiratory system and the structures that enclose some of its partsWhat is the difference between respiration and aerobic cellular respiration?Explain what a partial pressure gradient is and how such gradients figure in gas exchange.What is oxyhemoglobin? Where does it form?What drives oxygen from the air spaces in alveoli, through tissue fluid, and across capillary epithelium? What drives carbon dioxide in the opposite direction?How does hemoglobin help maintain the oxygen partial pressure gradient during gas transport in the body?What reactions enhance the transport of carbon dioxide throughout the body? How is carbon dioxide moved out of the body?How do nerve impulses from the brain regulate ventilation of the lungs? How are the rate and depth of breathing controlled?Why does your breathing rate increase when you exercise? What happens to your heart rate at the same timeand why?A partial pressure gradient of oxygen exists between ________. a. air and lungs b. lungs and metabolically active tissues c. air at sea level and air at high altitudes d. all of the aboveThe ________ is an airway that connects the nose and mouth with the ________. a. oral cavity; larynx b. pharynx; trachea c. trachea; pharynx d. pharynx; larynxOxygen in air must diffuse across______ to enter the blood. a. pleural sacs b. alveolar sacs c. a moist respiratory surface d. both b and c4SQGas exchange occurs at the _______. a. two bronchi b. pleural sacs c. alveoli d. both b and cBreathing _______. a. ventilates the lungs b. draws air into airways c. expels air from airways d. causes reversals in pressure gradients e. all of the aboveAfter oxygen diffuses into lung capillaries, it also diffuses into _______ and binds with _______. a. tissue fluid; red blood cells b. tissue fluid; carbon dioxide c. red blood cells; hemoglobin d. red blood cells; carbon dioxideDue to its partial pressure gradient, carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into tissue fluid and into the ________; in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses into the ________. a. alveoli; bronchioles b. bloodstream; bronchioles c. alveoli; bloodstream d. bloodstream; alveoli9SQ10SQCases of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning occur when someone builds a charcoal fire in an enclosed area. Assuming help arrives in time, what would be the most effective treatment: placing the victim outdoors in fresh air or administering pure oxygen? Explain your answer.2CTWhen you sneeze, abdominal muscles abruptly contract, pushing your diaphragm upward. Given the discussion of the respiratory cycle in Section 10.4, why does this change expel air out your nose?Underwater, we humans cant compete with whales and other air-breathing marine mammals, which can stay submerged for extended periods. At the beach one day you meet a surfer who tells you that special training could allow her to swim underwater without breathing for an entire hour. From what you know of respiratory physiology, explain why she is mistaken.5CTWhat are the main functions of the stomach? What roles do enzymes and hormones play?Explain the differences between the digestion roles of the small and large intestines. Does the appendix also have a digestive function?List the organs and accessory organs of the digestive system. On a separate piece of paper, list the main functions of each organ.Define peristalsis, and list the regions of the GI tract where it occurs. Be sure to mention segmentation in your answer.Using the black lines shown in Figure 11.27, name the types of nutrient molecules present at each site that are small enough to be absorbed across the small intestines lining. Figure 11.27 Fill in the blanks for substances that cross the lining of the small intestine.Different regions of the digestive system specialize in ________ and _________ food and in __________ unabsorbed food residues.Maintaining normal body weight requires that __________ intake be balanced by _________ output.The preferred energy sources for the body are ________.4SQDigestion is completed and products are absorbed in the _________. a. mouth b. stomach c. small intestine d. large intestineAfter triglycerides are absorbed, they leave the cell and move into the ________. a. bloodstream b. intestinal cells c. liver d. lactealsExcess carbohydrates and proteins are stored as _____. a. amino acids b. starches c. fats d. monosaccharides8SQBasal metabolic rate is a measure of ______. a. the total amount of calories you burn in 24 hours b. the amount of food energy needed to sustain basic body operations c. the amount of energy burned by skeletal muscle in a given period d. both a and bMatch the digestive system parts and functions.1CTSome nutritionists claim that the secret to long life is to be slightly underweight as an adult. If a persons weight is related partly to diet, partly to activity level, and partly to genetics, what underlying factors could be at work to generate statistics that support this claim?As a person ages, the number of body cells steadily decreases and energy needs decline. If you were planning an older persons diet, what kind(s) of nutrients would you emphasize, and why? Which ones would you recommend an aging person eat less of?Along the lines of question 3, formulate a healthy diet for an actively growing 7-year-old.The food label in Figure 11.28 lists the nutrients and other substances in a package of ready-to-eat macaroni and cheese. Based on your reading in this chapter, how would you rate this products healthiness in terms of fats and carbohydrates? Figure 11.28 Food labels are useful health tools. Information on a food label can be used to ensure that you get the nutrients you need without exceeding recommended limits on less healthy substances such as salt, sugar, and trans fats. At present, the USDA is considering major revisions to food labels. The proposed changes include showing realistic serving sizes and sugars added by the manufacturer, and printing the calorie content per serving in larger, bolder type so that it is easier for consumers to make informed choices about purchases of prepared foods. (Left: USDA, US Department of Agriculture; Right: FoodCollection/SuperStock)Label the parts of this kidney and nephron.How does the formation of urine help maintain the bodys internal environment?Explain what is meant when we talk about filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the kidneys.4RQExplain how the kidneys help to maintain the balance of acids and bases in extracellular fluid.1SQThe body loses water by way of the ________. a. skin b. lungs c. digestive system d. urinary system e. both c and d f. a through dWater and small solutes enter nephrons during ________. a. filtration b. reabsorption c. secretion d. both a and b4SQ5SQReabsorption depends on _________. a. osmosis across the nephron wall b. active transport of sodium across the nephron wall c. a steep solute concentration gradient d. all of the above7SQ8SQ9SQMatch the following saltwater balance concepts:A urinalysis reveals that the patients urine contains glucose, hemoglobin, and white blood cells (pus). Are any of these substances abnormal in urine? Explain.As a person ages, nephron tubules lose some of their ability to concentrate urine. What is the effect of this change?Fatty tissue holds the kidneys in place. Extremely rapid weight loss may cause this tissue to shrink so that the kidneys slip from their normal position. On rare occasions, the slippage can put a kink in one or both ureters and block urine flow. Suggest what might then happen to the kidneys.Licorice is used as a remedy in Chinese traditional medicine and also is a flavoring for candy. When licorice is eaten, one of its components triggers the formation of a compound that mimics aldosterone and binds to receptors for it. Based on this information, explain why people who have high blood pressure are advised to avoid eating much licorice.Drinking too much water can be a bad thing. If someone sweats heavily and drinks lots of water, their sodium levels drop. The resulting water intoxication can be fatal. Why is the sodium balance so important?As the text noted, two-thirds of the water and solutes that the body reclaims by reabsorption in nephrons occurs in the proximal tubule. Proximal tubule cells have large numbers of mitochondria and demand a great deal of oxygen. Explain why.Explain the difference between a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron.What are the functional zones of a motor neuron?Define an action potential.What is a synapse? Explain the difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory synapse.Explain what happens during synaptic integration.6RQ7RQThe nervous system senses, interprets, and issues commands for responses to _________.A neuron responds to adequate stimulation with _______, a type of self-propagating signal.When action potentials arrive at a synapse between a neuron and another cell, they stimulate the release of molecules of a ________ that diffuse over to that cell.In the simplest kind of reflex______, directly signal ________, which act on muscle cells. a. sensory neurons; interneurons b. interneurons; motor neurons c. sensory neurons; motor neurons d. motor neurons; sensory neuronsThe accelerating flow of _______ ions through gated channels across the membrane triggers an action potential. a. potassium b. sodium c. hydrogen d. a and b6SQ7SQCerebrospinal fluid _____. a. fills cavities and canals in the brain and spinal cord b. is chemically similar to blood plasma c. cushions both the brain and spinal cord d. both a and c, but not b e. a, b, and cMatch each region of the central nervous system with some of its functions.1CTIn newborns and premature babies, the bloodbrain barrier is not fully developed. Explain why this might be reason enough to pay careful attention to their diet.3CTWhen a receptor cell detects a specific kind of stimulus, what happens to the stimulus energy?Name six categories of sensory receptors and the type of stimulus that each type detects.How do somatic sensations differ from special senses?Explain where free nerve endings are located in the body and note some functions of the various kinds.5RQWhat are the stimuli for taste receptors?How do smell signals arise and reach the brain?Label the parts of the ear:In the ear, sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. What happens next in the middle ear? In the inner ear?Label the parts of the eye:How does the eye focus the light rays of an image? What do nearsighted and farsighted mean?A __________is a specific form of energy that can elicit a response from a sensory receptor.Awareness of a stimulus is called a ________.____________ is understanding what particular sensations mean.A sensory system is composed of __________. a. nerve pathways from specific receptors to the brain b. sensory receptors c. brain regions that deal with sensory information d. all of the above___________detect energy associated with changes in pressure, body position, or acceleration. a. Chemoreceptors b. Mechanoreceptors c. Photoreceptors d. ThermoreceptorsDetecting substances present in the body fluids that bathe them is the function of ___________. a. thermoreceptors b. photoreceptors c. mechanoreceptors d. chemoreceptorsWhich of the special senses is based on the following events? Membrane vibrations cause fluid movements, which lead to bending of mechanoreceptors and firing of action potentials. a. taste b. smell c. hearing d. visionRods differ from cones in the following ways: a. They detect dim light, not bright light. b. They have a different visual pigment. c. They are not located in the retina. d. All of the above. e. a and b onlyThe outer layer of the eye includes the____________. a. lens and choroid b. sclera and cornea c. retina d. both a and cThe inner layer of the eye includes the _____________. a. lens and choroid b. sclera and cornea c. retina d. start of optic nerveYour visual field is ______________. a. a specific, small area of the retina b. what you actually see c. the area where color vision occurs d. where the optic nerve startsMatch each of the following terms with the appropriate description. _____ somatic senses (general senses)a.produced by strong stimulation _____ special sensesb.endings of sensory neurons or specialized cells next to them _____ variations in stimulus intensity _____ action potentialc.taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision _____ sensory receptord.frequency and number of action potentials e.touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and muscle sense1CT2CTJill is diagnosed with sensorineural deafness, a disorder in which sound waves are transmitted normally to the inner ear but they are not translated into neural signals that travel to the brain. Sometimes the cause is a problem with the auditory nerve, but in Jills case it has to do with a problem in the inner ear itself. Where in the inner ear is the disruption most likely to be located?