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All Textbook Solutions for The Solar System

1RQWhat is the largest dimension of which you have personal sensory experience? Have you ever hiked 10 miles? Run a marathon? Driven across a continent? Flown to the opposite side of Earth?What is the difference between the Solar System, the Galaxy, and the Universe?What is the difference between the Moon and a moon?5RQWhy are light-years more convenient than miles, kilometers, or AU for measuring the distances to stars and galaxies?Why is it difficult to detect planets orbiting other stars? 8RQWhat is the difference between the Milky Way and the Milky Way Galaxy?What are the Milky Way Galaxys spiral arms?11RQWhere are you in the Universe? If you had to give directions to your location in the Universe, what directions would you give? 13RQ14RQ15RQHow do we know? How does the scientific method give scientists a way to know about nature? 1DQ2DQ3DQ4DQThe equatorial diameter of Earth is 7928 miles. If a mile equals 1.609 km, what is Earth’s diameter in kilometers? In centimeters? 2POne astronomical unit (AU) is about 1.5 108 km. Explain why this is the same as 150 106 km.A typical galaxy is shown on the first page of the Universe Bowl on the inside cover of the printed book. Express the number of stars in this typical galaxy in scientific notation.5PVenus orbits 0.72 AU from the Sun. What is that distance in kilometers? (Hint: See Problem 3.) Light from the Sun takes 8 minutes to reach Earth. How long does it take to reach Mars, 1.5 AU from the Sun?The Sun is almost 400 times farther from Earth than is the Moon. How long does light from the Moon take to reach Earth?If the speed of light is 3.0 × 105 km/s, how many kilometers are in a light-year? How many meters? (Hint: First look up or calculate how many seconds are in a year.) 10P11P12PHow many galaxies like our own would it take if they were placed edge-to-edge to reach the nearest galaxy? (Hint: See Problems 11 and 12.)Look at the center of Figure 1–4. Approximately what time of day is it at that location? Sunrise? Sunset? Noontime? Midnight? How do you know? Look at Figure 1-6. How can you tell that Mercury does not follow a circular orbit? 3LTL4LTL5LTL6LTLWhy are most of the constellations that were invented in modern times composed of faint stars or located in the southern sky? 2RQWhich is the asterism and which is the constellation: Orion and Orions belt? Name another asterism/constellation combination.4RQ5RQWhat does the word apparent mean in apparent visual magnitude?7RQ8RQ9RQ10RQ11RQ12RQ13RQ14RQ15RQ16RQ17RQ18RQWhy does the number of circumpolar constellations depend on the latitude of the observer?Explain two reasons winter days are colder than summer days. How does the date of the beginning of summer in Earths Southern Hemisphere differ from the date in the Northern Hemisphere?If it is the first day of spring in your hemisphere, what day is it in the opposite hemisphere?It is the first day of summer. Will the days start getting longer tomorrow, start getting shorter tomorrow, or will the Sun stay up in the sky tomorrow for as long as it did today? How much flux from the Sun does the Northern Hemisphere of Earth receive compared to the Southern Hemisphere on the first day of fall at noon?25RQ26RQHow Do We Know? Why is astrology a pseudoscience?28RQ29RQ1DQ2DQ3DQ4DQ5DQ1P2P3P4P5P6PIf two stars differ by 8 magnitudes, what is their flux ratio? 8P9PBy what factor is the full moon brighter than Venus at its brightest? (Hint: Refer to Figure 2-6.) What is the angular distance from the north celestial pole to the point on the sky called the vernal equinox? To the summer solstice?12PIf you are at latitude 30 degrees north of Earth’s equator, what is the angular distance from your zenith to the north celestial pole? From your nadir to the north celestial pole? 14P1LTL2LTL3LTL4LTLLook at the view from Earth on March 1 in Figure 2-9, shown here. Is the view from Earths nighttime side or daytime side? How do you know? Which asterism or constellation is shown in this image?Look at Figure 2-9, shown here. If you see Sagittarius high in your night sky on June 20 and today is your birthday, what is your zodiac constellation?Why are most of the constellations that were invented in modern times composed of faint stars or located in the southern sky? 2RQ3RQ4RQ5RQ6RQ7RQ8RQ9RQ10RQ11RQIf Earth had no atmosphere, what color would the eclipsed moon appear in the sky?If the Moon orbited Earth from North Pole to South Pole instead of near the ecliptic, would lunar and solar eclipses still occur? Would the moon phase still have to be full or new?Why do solar eclipses happen only at new moon? Why not every new moon? 15RQ16RQ17RQWhy cant the Moon be eclipsed when it is halfway between the nodes of its orbit?19RQ20RQ21RQ22RQ1DQ2DQ3DQ4DQ5DQPretend the Moon’s orbit around Earth is a perfect circle. How long does it take in units of days for the Moon to move 90 degrees relative to the stars? Is this number dependent on the synodic period or the sidereal period? 2PIdentify the phases of the Moon if at sunset in the Northern Hemisphere the Moon is: (a) near the eastern horizon, (b) high in the southern sky, (c) in the southeastern sky, (d) in the southwestern sky.What fraction of the Moons surface area is the far side? Of the near side of a third-quarter moon, what fraction is dark? What fraction of the far side is in the dark that cannot be seen by an observer from Earth viewing the Moon in its third-quarter phase?5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13PIf a solar eclipse occurs on October 3: (a) Why can’t there be a lunar eclipse on October 13 of that same year? (b) Why can’t there be a solar eclipse on December 28 of that same year? 15P16P17P18P1LTL2LTL3LTL4LTL5LTL6LTL7LTL8LTL9LTL10LTL11LTL12LTL1RQWhy did early human cultures observe astronomical phenomena? Was it for scientific research? 3RQName one example each of a famous politician, mathematician, philosopher, observer, and theoretician in this chapter. Why did Plato propose that all heavenly motion was uniform and circular? On what did Plato base his knowledge? Was it opinions, policies, marketing, public relations, myths, evidence, hypotheses, beliefs, laws, principles, theories? On what do modern astronomers base their knowledge? Which two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shapes did Plato and Aristotle consider perfect? Give an example of a 2D and 3D nonperfect geometrical shape.8RQIn Ptolemys model, how do the epicycles of Mercury and Venus differ from those of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn?Describe in detail the motions of the planets according to Ptolemy.11RQ12RQ13RQ When Tycho observed the new star of 1572, he could detect no parallax. Why did that undermine belief in the Ptolemaic system? In the perfect heavens idea of Aristotle? Assume the night is clear and the Moons phase is full so you can see it all night long. Why would you expect the Moon to show parallax during the night? How would you measure it?Does Tychos model of the Universe explain the phases of Venus that Galileo observed? Why or why not?Name an empirical law. Why is it considered empirical? How does Kepler’s first law of planetary motion overthrow one of the basic beliefs of classical astronomy? How about Kepler’s second law? 19RQ20RQ21RQ22RQ23RQ24RQ25RQ26RQ27RQ1DQ2DQWhy might Tycho Brahe have hesitated to hire Kepler? Why do you suppose he appointed Kepler his scientific heir? What is limited about Keplers third law P2 = a3, where P is the time in units of years a planet takes to orbit the Sun and a is the planets average distance from the Sun in units of AU? (Hint: Look at the units.) What does this tell you about Kepler and his laws?4DQ5DQ1P If you lived on Mars, which planets would exhibit retrograde motion like that observed for Mars from Earth? Which would never be visible as crescent phases? 3PIf a planet has an average distance from the Sun of 2.0 AU, what is its orbital period? If a space probe is sent into an orbit around the Sun that brings it as close as 0.4 AU and as far away as 5.4 AU, is the orbit a circle or an ellipse? What will be its orbital period? 6P7P One planet is three times farther from the Sun than another. Will the farther planet take more, less, or the same amount of time to orbit the Sun? Will the closer planet orbit slower, faster, or the same speed? How much longer will the farther planet take to orbit than the closer planet? If the closer planet is located at 10 AU, how far is the farther planet, and what are the two planet's names? Galileos telescope showed him that Venus has a large angular diameter (61 arc seconds) when it is a crescent and a small angular diameter (10 arc seconds) when it is nearly full. Use the small-angle formula to find the ratio of its maximum to minimum distance from Earth. Is this ratio compatible with the Ptolemaic universe shown in Figure 3b of the Chapter 4 Concept Art: An Ancient Model of the Universe?Which is the phase of Venus when it is closest? Which when farthest? How do you know?11P1LTL2LTLWhat three astronomical objects are represented here? What are the two rings?Use the figure below to explain how the Ptolemaic model treated some planets differently from the rest. How did the Copernican model treat all of the planets the same?1RQToday, what do we call the Aristotelean violent motion?Which of Keplers or Newtons laws best describes Aristotelean violent motions?4RQ5RQIf you drop a feather and a steel hammer at the same moment, they should hit the ground at the same instant. Why doesn’t this work on Earth, and why does it work on the Moon? Will it work Phobos, a moon of Mars? What is the difference between mass and weight? 8RQAn astronaut working in space near the International Space Station says she feels weightless. What does she mean? Does the astronaut not have weight? 10RQA car is on a circular off ramp of an interstate and is traveling at exactly 25 mph around the curve. Does the car have velocity? Does the car have acceleration? Is the car decelerating? 12RQ13RQAn astronaut is in space with a baseball and a bowling ball. The astronaut gives both objects an equal push in the same direction. Does the baseball have the same inertia as the bowling ball? Why? Does the baseball have the same acceleration as the bowling ball from the push? Why? If both balls are traveling at the same speed, does the baseball have the same momentum as the bowling ball?15RQ16RQWhy did Newton conclude that some force had to pull the Moon toward Earth? Why did Newton conclude that gravity has to be mutual and universal?19RQ20RQ21RQYou are sitting next to a person who has twice as much weight as you do. A friend comes by and gives you a marshmallow, and you eat it. Did the gravitational force between you and your friend increase, decrease, or stay the same? Why? 23RQWhy cant a spacecraft go beyond Earths gravity?25RQBalance a pencil lengthwise on the side of your finger. Where is the center of mass? Balance a pencil widthwise (for example, on the eraser side) on your finger. Where is the center of mass? Is the center of mass a plane, sphere, circle, point, or a line?27RQWhy can’t you leave Earth’s gravitational field when jumping vertically? 29RQ How do planets orbiting the Sun and skaters doing a spin both conserve angular momentum? 31RQIf you hold this textbook out at shoulder height and let go, at the instant you let go, does the book have potential energy? Kinetic energy? Today at the beach you see the highest of all high tides during the last month. You see the Moon in the daytime sky. What is the most likely Moon phase? Why? Why is the period of an open orbit undefined? In what conditions do Newtons laws of motion and gravity need to be modified?36RQ37RQ38RQHow is gravity related to acceleration? Are all accelerations the result of gravity?40RQ41RQ42RQ1DQ2DQ3DQ4DQ5DQ6DQ7DQAn astronomy textbook is to be dropped from a tall building on Earth. One second after dropped, what are the textbook’s speed, velocity, and acceleration? After 2 seconds? After 3 seconds? The book hits the ground; what are the book’s speed, velocity, and acceleration? Compared to the strength of Earth’s gravity at its surface where RE is the radius of Earth, how much weaker is gravity at a distance of ? At r = 20 RE? Compare the force of gravity on a 1 kg mass on the Moons surface with the force that mass on Earths surface. Which force is greater, why, and by how much?4P5PIf a small lead ball falls from a high tower on Earth, what will be its velocity after 2 seconds? After 4 seconds?What is the circular velocity of an Earth satellite 1000 km above Earths surface? (Note: Earths average radius is 6370 km. Hint: Convert all quantities to m, kg, s.)What is the circular velocity of an Earth satellite 36,000 km above Earths surface? What is its orbital period? (Note: Earths average radius is 6370 km. Hint: Convert all quantities to m, kg, s.)9P10P11PDescribe the shape of the orbit followed by the slowest cannonball in Figure 3 of the Concept Art, pretending that the cannonball could pass freely through Earth. (Newton got this problem wrong the first time he tried to solve it.) 13PWhat is the orbital period of a satellite orbiting just above the surface of the asteroid in Problem 11?15PWhat would be the escape velocity at the surface of the asteroid in Problem 11? Could a major league pitcher throw a baseball off the asteroid so that it never came back? A moon of Jupiter takes 1.8 days to orbit at a distance of 4.2 × 105 km from the center of the planet. What is the total mass of Jupiter plus this moon? (Note: One day is 86,400 seconds.) 1LTL2LTLWhy is it a little bit misleading to say that this astronaut is weightless?1RQ2RQ3RQ4RQDoes red light have a higher or lower energy than blue light? Does red light have higher or lower frequency than blue light? Does red light have a longer or shorter wavelength than blue light?6RQ7RQ8RQ9RQ10RQ11RQ12RQ13RQ14RQ15RQ16RQ17RQ18RQ19RQ20RQ21RQ22RQ23RQ24RQ25RQ1DQ2DQ3DQ4DQ1P2PWhat is the frequency and wavelength of an FM radio station on your radio dial at 102.2?4P5P
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