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All Textbook Solutions for Cornerstones of Cost Management (Cornerstones Series)
What is cost management, and how does it differ from management accounting and cost accounting?How do cost management and financial accounting differ?Identify and discuss the factors that affect the focus and practice of cost management.What is a flexible manufacturing system?5DQWhat is the difference between a line position and a staff position?The controller should be a member of the top management staff. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain.8DQWhat is the role of cost management with respect to the objective of continuous improvement?10DQWhat is business ethics? Is it possible to teach ethical behavior in a management accounting course?Firms with higher ethical standards will experience a higher level of economic performance than firms with lower or poor ethical standards. Do you agree? Why or why not?13DQ14DQWhat are the two parts to the CMA examination? What do they indicate about cost and management accounting versus financial accounting?Classify each of the following actions as either being associated with the financial accounting information system (FS) or the cost management information system (CMS): a. Determining the total compensation of the CEO of a public company b. Issuing a quarterly earnings report c. Determining the unit product cost using TDABC d. Calculating the number of units that must be sold to break even e. Preparing a required report for the SEC f. Preparing a sales budget g. Using cost and revenue information to decide whether to keep, or drop, a product line h. Preparing an annual statement of financial position that conforms to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) i. Using cost and revenue information to decide whether to invest in a new production system or not j. Reducing costs by improving the overall quality of a product k. Using a debt-equity ratio and liquidity ratios from a balance sheet to assess the likelihood of bankruptcy l. Using a public companys financial statements to decide whether or not to buy its stockHepworth Communications produces cell phones. One of the four major electronic components is produced internally. The other three components are purchased from external suppliers. The electronic components and other parts are assembled (by the Assembly Department) and then tested (by the Testing Department). Any units that fail the test are sent to the Rework Department where the unit is taken apart and the failed component is replaced. Data from the Testing Department reveal that the internally produced component (made by the Component Department) is the most frequent cause of product failure. One out of every 50 phones fails because of a faulty internally produced component. Barry Norton is the manager of the Component Department. In a recent performance evaluation, the plant manager told Barry that he needed to be more sensitive to the needs of the departments customers. This charge puzzled Barry somewhatafter all, the component is not sold to anyone but is used in producing the plants cell phones. Required: 1. Who are Barrys customers? 2. Explain the plant managers charge to Barry to be more sensitive to his customers. Explain also how this increased sensitivity could improve the companys time-based competitive ability. 3. What role would cost management play in helping Barry be more sensitive to his customers?3EConsider the following thoughts of a manager at the end of the companys third quarter: If I can increase my reported profit by 2 million, the actual earnings per share will exceed analysts expectations, and stock prices will increase. The stock options that I am holding will become more valuable. The extra income will also make me eligible to receive a significant bonus. With a son headed to college, it would be good if I could cash in some of these options to help pay his expenses. However, my vice president of finance indicates that such an increase is unlikely. The projected profit for the fourth quarter will just about meet the expected earnings per share. There may be ways, though, that I can achieve the desired outcome. First, I can instruct all divisional managers that their preventive maintenance budgets are reduced by 25 percent for the fourth quarter. That should reduce maintenance expenses by approximately 1 million. Second, I can increase the estimated life of the existing equipment, producing a reduction of depreciation by another 500,000. Third, I can reduce the salary increases for those being promoted by 50 percent. And that should easily put us over the needed increase of 2 million. Required: Comment on the ethical content of the earnings management being considered by the manager. Is there an ethical dilemma? What is the right choice for the manager to make? Is there any way to redesign the accounting reporting system to discourage the type of behavior the manager is contemplating?Bill Christensen, the production manager, was grumbling about the new quality cost system the plant controller wanted to put into place. If we start trying to track every bit of spoiled material, well never get any work done. Everybody knows when they ruin something. Why bother to keep track? This is a waste of time. Besides, this isnt the first time scrap reduction has been emphasized. You tell my workers to reduce scrap, and Ill guarantee it will go away, but not in the way you would like. Required: 1. Why do you suppose that the controller wants a written record of spoiled material? If everybody knows what the spoilage rate is, what benefits can come from keeping a written record? 2. Now consider Bill Christensens position. In what way(s) could he be correct? What did he mean by his remark concerning scrap reduction? Can this be avoided? Explain.Each of the following scenarios requires the use of accounting information to carry out one or more of the following managerial activities: (1) planning, (2) control and evaluation, (3) continuous improvement, or (4) decision making. a. MANAGER: At the last board meeting, we established an objective of earning an after-tax profit equal to 20 percent of sales. I need to know the revenue that we need to earn in order to meet this objective, given that we have 250,000 to spend on the promotional campaign. Once I have estimated sales in units, we then need to outline a promotional campaign that conforms to our budget and that will take us where we want to be. However, to compute the targeted sales revenue, I need to know the unit sales price, the unit variable cost, and the associated fixed production and support costs. I also need to know the tax rate. b. MANAGER: We have problems with our procurement process. Our accounts payable department is spending 80 percent of its time resolving discrepancies between the purchase order, receiving order, and suppliers invoice. Incorrect part numbers on the purchase orders, incorrect quantities ordered, and wrong parts sent (or the incorrect quantity) are just a few examples of sources of discrepancies. A complete redesign of the process has been suggested, which will allow us to eliminate virtually all of the errors and, at the same time, significantly reduce the number of clerks needed in purchasing, receiving, and accounts payable. This redesign promises to significantly reduce costs, decrease lead time, and increase customer satisfaction. c. MANAGER: This overhead cost report indicates that we have spent significantly more on inspection, purchasing, and production than was budgeted. An investigation has revealed that the source of the problem is faulty components from suppliers. A supplier evaluation has revealed that by selecting five suppliers with the best quality records (out of 15 currently used), the number of defective components will be dramatically reduced, thus producing significant overhead savings by reducing the demand for inspections, reordering, and rework. d. MANAGER: A large local firm has approached me and has offered to sell us one of the components used in our small enginesa component that we are currently producing internally. I need to know costs that we would avoid if this component is purchased so that I can assess the economic merits of this offer. e. MANAGER: Currently, our deluxe lawn mower is losing money. We need to increase profits. I would like to know how much our profits would be if we reduce our variable costs by 50 per mower while maintaining our current sales volume. Also, marketing claims that if we increase advertising expenditures by 1,000,000 and cut prices by 15 percent, we can increase the number of mowers sold by 25 percent. I would like to know which approach offers the most profit, or if a combination of the approaches may be best. f. MANAGER: We are implementing a major quality improvement program. We will be increasing the investment in prevention and detection activities with the expectation of driving down both internal and external failure costs. I expect to see trend reports for all categories of quality costs. I want to see if improving quality really does reduce costs and improve profitability. g. MANAGER: Our engineering design department has proposed a new design for our product. The new design promises to reduce post-purchase costs and, as a consequence, increase market share. I need to know the cost of producing this new design because it uses some new components and requires some different manufacturing processes. I would then like to have a projected income statement based on the new market share and new production costs. The planned selling price will be the same, or maybe even 10 percent lower. Projections based on the two price scenarios would be needed. h. MANAGER: My engineers have said that by redesigning our two main production processes, we can reduce move time by 90 percent and wait time by 85 percent. This would decrease cycle time and virtually eliminate the need to carry finished goods inventories. On-time deliveries would also increase dramatically. This would produce cost savings of nearly 20,000,000 per year. Market share and revenues would also increase. Required: 1. Describe each of the four managerial responsibilities. 2. Identify the managerial activity or activities applicable for each scenario, and indicate the role of accounting information in the activity.7ELily Shultz is a junior majoring in hotel and restaurant management. She wants to work for a large hotel chain with the goal of eventually managing a hotel. She is considering the possibility of taking a course in either financial accounting or cost management. Before choosing, however, she has asked you to provide her with some information about the advantages that each course offers. Required: Prepare a letter advising Lily about the differences and similarities between financial accounting and cost management. Describe the advantages each might offer the manager of a hotel.John Biggs and Patty Jorgenson are both cost accounting managers for a manufacturing division. During lunch yesterday, Patty told John that she was planning on quitting her job in three months because she had accepted a position as controller of a small company in a neighboring state. The starting date was timed to coincide with the retirement of the current controller. Patty was excited because it allowed her to live near her family. Today, the divisional controller took John to lunch and informed him that he was taking a position at headquarters and that he had recommended that Patty be promoted to his position. He indicated to John that it was a close call between him and Patty and that he wanted to let John know personally about the decision before it was announced officially. Required: What should John do? Describe how you would deal with his ethical dilemma (considering the IMA code of ethics in your response).Emily Henson, controller of an oil exploration division, has just been approached by Tim Wilson, the divisional manager. Tim told Emily that the projected quarterly profits were unacceptable and that expenses need to be reduced. He suggested that a clean and easy way to reduce expenses is to assign the exploration and drilling costs of four dry holes to those of two successful holes. By doing so, the costs could be capitalized and not expensed, reducing the costs that need to be recognized for the quarter. He further argued that the treatment is reasonable because the exploration and drilling all occurred in the same field; thus, the unsuccessful efforts really were the costs of identifying the successful holes. Besides, he argued, even if the treatment is wrong, it can be corrected in the annual financial statements. Next quarters revenues will be more and can absorb any reversal without causing any severe damage to that quarters profits. Its this quarters profits that need some help. Emily was uncomfortable with the request because generally accepted accounting principles do not sanction the type of accounting measures proposed by Tim. Required: 1. Using the code of ethics for management accountants, recommend the approach that Emily should take. 2. Suppose Tim insists that his suggested accounting treatment be implemented. What should Emily do?11PEmery Manufacturing Company produces component parts for the farm equipment industry and has recently undergone a major computer system conversion. Jake Murray, the controller, has established a troubleshooting team to alleviate accounting problems that have occurred since the conversion. Jake has chosen Gus Swanson, assistant controller, to head the team that will include Linda Wheeler, cost accountant; Cindy Madsen, financial analyst; Randy Lewis, general accounting supervisor; and Max Crandall, financial accountant. The team has been meeting weekly for the last month. Gus insists on being part of all the team conversations in order to gather information, to make the final decision on any ideas or actions that the team develops, and to prepare a weekly report for Jake. He has also used this team as a forum to discuss issues and disputes about him and other members of Emerys top management team. At last weeks meeting, Gus told the team that he thought a competitor might purchase the common stock of Emery, because he had overheard Jake talking about this on the telephone. As a result, most of Emerys employees now informally discuss the sale of Emerys common stock and how it will affect their jobs. Required: Is Gus Swansons discussion with the team about the prospective sale of Emery unethical? Discuss, citing specific standards from the code of ethical conduct to support your position. (CMA adapted)13PWhat is an accounting information system?What is the difference between a financial accounting information system and a cost management information system?What are the objectives of a cost management information system?Define and explain the two major subsystems of the cost management information system.What is a cost object? Give some examples.6DQWhat is a direct cost? An indirect cost?8DQWhat is allocation?Explain how driver tracing works.What is a tangible product?12DQGive three examples of product cost definitions. Why do we need different product cost definitions?14DQ15DQPietro Frozen Foods, Inc., produces frozen pizzas. For next year, Pietro predicts that 50,000 units will be produced, with the following total costs: Required: 1. Calculate the prime cost per unit. 2. Calculate the conversion cost per unit. 3. Calculate the total variable cost per unit. 4. Calculate the total product (manufacturing) cost per unit 5. What if the number of units increased to 55,000 and all unit variable costs stayed the same? Explain what the impact would be on the following costs: total direct materials, total direct labor, total variable overhead, total fixed overhead, unit prime cost, and unit conversion cost. What would the product cost per unit be in this case?For next year, Pietro predicts that 50,000 units will be produced, with the following total costs: Next year, Pietro expects to purchase 119,300 of direct materials. Projected beginning and ending inventories for direct materials and work in process are as follows: Required: 1. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured in good form. 2. What if the ending inventory of direct materials increased by 2,000? Which line items on the statement of cost of goods manufactured would be affected and in what direction (increase or decrease)?Pietro expects to produce 50,000 units and sell 49,300 units. Beginning inventory of finished goods is 42,500, and ending inventory of finished goods is expected to be 34,000. Required: 1. Prepare a statement of cost of goods sold in good form. 2. What if the beginning inventory of finished goods decreased by 5,000? What would be the effect on the cost of goods sold?Refer to Cornerstone Exercises 2.2 and 2.3. Next year, Pietro expects to produce 50,000 units and sell 49,300 units at a price of 12.50 each. Beginning inventory of finished goods is 42,500, and ending inventory of finished goods is expected to be 34,000. Total selling expense is projected at 26,000, and total administrative expense is projected at 134,000. Required: 1. Prepare an income statement in good form. Be sure to include the percent of sales column. 2. What if the cost of goods sold percentage for the past few years was 65 percent? Explain how management might react.Jean and Tom Perritz own and manage Happy Home Helpers, Inc. (HHH), a house-cleaning service. Each cleaning (cleaning one house one time) takes a team of three house cleaners about 1.5 hours. On average, HHH completes about 15,000 cleanings per year. The following total costs are associated with the total cleanings: Required: 1. Calculate the prime cost per cleaning. 2. Calculate the conversion cost per cleaning. 3. Calculate the total variable cost per cleaning. 4. Calculate the total service cost per cleaning. 5. What if rent on the office that Jean and Tom use to run HHH increased by 1,500? Explain the impact on the following: a. Prime cost per cleaning b. Conversion cost per cleaning c. Total variable cost per cleaning d. Total service cost per cleaningJean and Tom Perritz own and manage Happy Home Helpers, Inc. (HHH), a house-cleaning service. Each cleaning (cleaning one house one time) takes a team of three house cleaners about 1.5 hours. On average, HHH completes about 15,000 cleanings per year. The following total costs are associated with the total cleanings: Next year, HHH expects to purchase 25,600 of direct materials. Projected beginning and ending inventories for direct materials are as follows: There is no work-in-process inventory; in other words, a cleaning is started and completed on the same day. Required: 1. Prepare a statement of services produced in good form. 2. What if HHH planned to purchase 30,000 of direct materials? Assume there would be no change in beginning and ending inventories of materials. Explain which line items on the statement of services produced would be affected and how (increase or decrease).Jean and Tom Perritz own and manage Happy Home Helpers. Inc. (HHH), a house-cleaning service. Each cleaning (cleaning one house one time) takes a team of three house cleaners about 1.5 hours. On average, HHH completes about 15,000 cleanings per year. The following total costs are associated with the total cleanings: Next year, HHH expects to purchase 25,600 of direct materials. Projected beginning and ending inventories for direct materials are as follows: There is no work-in-process inventory and no finished goods inventory; in other words, a cleaning is started and completed on the same day. Required: 1. Prepare a statement of cost of services sold in good form. 2. How does this cost of services sold statement differ from the cost of goods sold statement for a manufacturing firm?Jean and Tom Perritz own and manage Happy Home Helpers, Inc. (HHH), a house-cleaning service. Each cleaning (cleaning one house one time) takes a team of three house cleaners about 1.5 hours. On average, HHH completes about 15,000 cleanings per year. The following total costs are associated with the total cleanings: Next year, HHH expects to purchase 25,600 of direct materials. Projected beginning and ending inventories for direct materials are as follows: There is no work-in-process inventory and no finished goods inventory; in other words, a cleaning is started and completed on the same day. HHH expects to sell 15,000 cleanings at a price of 45 each next year. Total selling expense is projected at 22,000, and total administrative expense is projected at 53,000. Required: 1. Prepare an income statement in good form. 2. What if Jean and Tom increased the price to 50 per cleaning and no other information was affected? Explain which line items in the income statement would be affected and how.9EThe following items are associated with a cost accounting information system: a. Usage of direct materials b. Assignment of direct materials cost to each product c. Direct labor cost incurrence d. Depreciation on production equipment e. Cost accounting personnel f. Submission of a bid, using product cost plus 25 percent g. Power cost incurrence h. Materials handling cost incurrence i. Computer j. Assignment of direct labor costs to products k. Costing out of products l. Decision to continue making a part rather than buying it m. Printer n. Report detailing individual product costs o. Assignment of overhead costs to individual products Required: 1. Classify the preceding items into one of the following categories: a. Interrelated parts b. Processes c. Objectives d. Inputs e. Outputs f. User actions 2. Draw an operational model that illustrates the cost accounting information systemwith the preceding items used as examples for each component of the model. 3. Based on your operational model, identify which product cost definition is being used: value-chain, operating, or product (manufacturing).Nizam Company produces speaker cabinets. Recently, Nizam switched from a traditional departmental assembly line system to a manufacturing cell in order to produce the cabinets. Suppose that the cabinet manufacturing cell is the cost object. Assume that all or a portion of the following costs must be assigned to the cell: a. Depreciation on electric saws, sanders, and drills used to produce the cabinets b. Power to heat and cool the plant in which the cell is located c. Salary of cell supervisor d. Wood used to produce the cabinet housings e. Maintenance for the cells equipment (provided by the maintenance department) f. Labor used to cut the wood and to assemble the cabinets g. Replacement sanding belts h. Cost of janitorial services for the plant i. Ordering costs for materials used in production j. The salary of the industrial engineer (she spends about 20 percent of her time on work for the cell) k. Cost of maintaining plant and grounds l. Cost of plants personnel office m. Depreciation on the plant n. Plant receptionists salary and benefits Required: Identify which cost assignment method would likely be used to assign the costs of each of the preceding activities to the cabinet manufacturing cell: direct tracing, driver tracing, or allocation. When driver tracing is selected, identify a potential activity driver that could be used for the tracing.Three possible product cost definitions were introduced: (1) value-chain, (2) operating, and (3) product or manufacturing. Identify which of the three product cost definitions best fits the following situations (justify your choice): a. Determining which of several potential new products should be developed, produced, and sold b. Deciding whether to produce and sell a product whose design and development costs were higher than budgeted c. Setting the price for a new product d. Valuation of finished goods inventories for external reporting e. Determining whether to add a complementary product to the product line f. Choosing among competing product designs g. Calculating cost of goods sold for external reporting h. Deciding whether to increase the price of an existing product i. Deciding whether to accept or reject a special order, where the price offered is lower than the normal selling priceWyandotte Company provided the following information for the last calendar year: During the year, direct materials purchases amounted to 256,900, direct labor cost was 176,000, and overhead cost was 308,400. There were 40,000 units produced. Required: 1. Calculate the total cost of direct materials used in production. 2. Calculate the cost of goods manufactured. Calculate the unit manufacturing cost. 3. Of the unit manufacturing cost calculated in Requirement 2, 6.62 is direct materials and 7.71 is overhead. What is the prime cost per unit? Conversion cost per unit?For each of the following independent situations, calculate the missing values: 1. The Belen plant purchased 78,300 of direct materials during June. Beginning direct materials inventory was 2,500, and direct materials used in production were 73,500. What is ending direct materials inventory? 2. Forster Company produced 14,000 units at an average cost of 5.90 each. The beginning inventory of finished goods was 3,422. (The average unit cost was 5.90.) Forster sold 14,120 units. How many units remain in ending finished goods inventory? 3. Beginning work in process (WIP) was 116,000, and ending WIP was 117,300. If total manufacturing costs were 349,000, what was the cost of goods manufactured? 4. If the conversion cost is 84 per unit, the prime cost is 55, and the manufacturing cost per unit is 105, what is the direct materials cost per unit? 5. Total manufacturing costs for August were 412,000. Prime cost was 64,000, and beginning WIP was 76,000. The cost of goods manufactured was 434,000. Calculate the cost of overhead for August and the cost of ending WIP.LeMans Company produces specialty papers at its Fox Run plant. At the beginning of June, the following information was supplied by its accountant: During June, direct labor cost was 143,000, direct materials purchases were 346,000, and the total overhead cost was 375,800. The inventories at the end of June were: Required: 1. Prepare a cost of goods manufactured statement for June. 2. Prepare a cost of goods sold schedule for June.Kildeer Company makes easels for artists. During the last calendar year, a total of 30,000 easels were made, and 31,000 were sold for 52 each. The actual unit cost is as follows: The selling expenses consisted of a commission of 1.30 per unit sold and advertising copayments totaling 95,000. Administrative expenses, all fixed, equaled 183,000. There were no beginning and ending work-in-process inventories. Beginning finished goods inventory was 132,600 for 3,400 easels. Required: 1. Calculate the number and the dollar value of easels in ending finished goods inventory. 2. Prepare a cost of goods sold statement. 3. Prepare an absorption-costing income statement. Add a column for percentage of sales.Anglin Company, a manufacturing firm, has supplied the following information from its accounting records for the last calendar year: Required: 1. Prepare a cost of goods manufactured statement. 2. Prepare a cost of goods sold statement.Lakeesha Barnett owns and operates a package mailing store in a college town. Her store, Send It Packing, helps customers wrap items and send them via UPS, FedEx, and the USPS. Send It Packing also rents mailboxes to customers by the month. In May, purchases of materials (stamps, cardboard boxes, tape, Styrofoam peanuts, bubble wrap, etc.) equaled 11,450; the beginning inventory of materials was 1,050, and the ending inventory of materials was 950. Payments for direct labor during the month totaled 25,570. Overhead incurred was 18,130 (including rent, utilities, and insurance, as well as payments of 14,050 to UPS and FedEx for the delivery services sold). Since Send It Packing is a franchise, Lakeesha owes a monthly franchise fee of 5 percent of sales. She spent 2,750 on advertising during the month. Other administrative costs (including accounting and legal services and a trip to Dallas for training) amounted to 3,650 for the month. Revenues for May were 102,100. Required: 1. What was the cost of materials used for packaging and mailing services during May? 2. What was the prime cost for May? 3. What was the conversion cost for May? 4. What was the total cost of services for May? 5. Prepare an income statement for May. 6. Of the overhead incurred, is any of it direct? Indirect? Explain.Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (MPI), designs and manufactures a variety of drugs. One new drug, Glaxane, has been in development for seven years. FDA approval has just been received, and MPI is ready to begin production and sales. Required: Refer to Exhibit 2.5. Which costs in the value chain would be considered by each of the following managers in their decision regarding Glaxane? 1. Shelly Roberts is plant manager of the New Bern, North Carolina, plant where Glaxane will be produced. Shelly has been assured that Glaxane capsules will use well-understood processes and not require additional training or capital investment. 2. Leslie Bothan is vice president of marketing. Leslies job involves pricing and selling Glaxane. Because Glaxane is the first drug in its drug family to be commercially produced, there is no experience with potential side effects. Extensive testing did not expose any real problems (aside from occasional heartburn and insomnia), but the company could not be sure that such side effects did not exist. 3. Dante Fiorello is chief of research and development. His charge is to ensure that all research projects, taken as a whole, eventually produce drugs that can support the RD labs. He is assessing the potential for further work on drugs in the Glaxane family.Jazon Manufacturing produces two different models of cameras. One model has an automatic focus, whereas the other requires the user to determine the focus. The two products are produced in batches. Each time a batch is produced, the equipment must be configured (set up) for the specifications of the camera model being produced. The manual-focus camera requires more parts than the automatic-focus model. The manual-focus model is also more labor intensive, requiring much more assembly time but less machine time. Although the manual model is more labor intensive, the machine configuration required for this product is more complex, causing the manual model to consume more of the setup activity resources than the automatic camera. Many, but not all, of the parts for the two cameras are purchased from external suppliers. Because it has more parts, the manual model makes more demands on the purchasing and receiving activities than does the automatic camera. Jazon currently assigns only manufacturing costs to the two products. Overhead costs are collected in one plantwide pool and are assigned to the two products in proportion to the direct labor hours used by each product. All other costs are viewed as period costs. Jazon budgets costs for all departments within the plantboth support departments like maintenance and purchasing and production departments like machining and assembly. Departmental managers are evaluated and rewarded on their ability to control costs. Individual managerial performance is assessed by comparing actual costs with budgeted costs. Required: 1. Is Jazon using a traditional or an activity-based cost management system? Explain. 2. Assume that you want to design a more accurate cost accounting system. What changes would you need to make? Be specific. Explain why the changes you make will improve the accuracy of cost assignments. 3. What changes would need to be made to implement an activity-based operational control system? Explain why you believe the changes will offer improved control.Ellerson Company provided the following information for the last calendar year: During the year, direct materials purchases amounted to 278,000, direct labor cost was 189,000, and overhead cost was 523,000. During the year, 100,000 units were completed. Required: 1. Calculate the total cost of direct materials used in production. 2. Calculate the cost of goods manufactured. Calculate the unit manufacturing cost. 3. Of the unit manufacturing cost calculated in Requirement 2, 2.70 is direct materials and 5.30 is overhead. What is the prime cost per unit? Conversion cost per unit?Ellerson Company provided the following information for the last calendar year: During the year, direct materials purchases amounted to 278,000, direct labor cost was 189,000, and overhead cost was 523,000. During the year, 100,000 units were completed. Refer to Exercise 2.21. Last calendar year, Ellerson recognized revenue of 1,312,000 and had selling and administrative expenses of 204,600. Required: 1. What is the cost of goods sold for last year? 2. Prepare an income statement for Ellerson for last year.Orinder Company provided the following information for the last calendar year: During the year, direct materials purchases amounted to 275,800, direct labor cost was 153,000, and overhead cost was 267,300. There were 25,000 units produced. Unit manufacturing cost (rounded to the nearest cent) is a. 28.40 b. 27.98 c. 34.95 d. 27.55Last year, Orsen Company produced 25,000 juicers and sold 26,500 juicers for 60 each. The actual variable unit cost is as follows: Fixed overhead was 320,000. Fixed selling expenses consisted of advertising copayments totaling 110,000. Fixed administrative expenses were 236,000. There were no beginning and ending work-in-process inventories. Beginning finished goods inventory was 148,000 for 4,000 juicers. The value of ending inventory reported on the financial statements was a. 55,500 b. 92,500 c. 66,500 d. 39,900Last year, Orsen Company produced 25,000 juicers and sold 26,500 juicers for 60 each. The actual variable unit cost is as follows: Fixed overhead was 320,000. Fixed selling expenses consisted of advertising copayments totaling 110,000. Fixed administrative expenses were 236,000. There were no beginning and ending work-in-process inventories. Beginning finished goods inventory was 148,000 for 4,000 juicers. The value of ending inventory reported on the financial statements was Refer to the information in 2.24. The gross margin percentage for last year was a. 12.57% b. 55.67% c. 28.95% d. 38.33%The ability to assign a cost directly to a cost object by means of a causal relationship is a. allocation b. traceability c. separability d. value chain processSelected information concerning the operations of a company for the year ended December 31 is as follows: Work in process inventories at the beginning and end of the year were zero. Beginning inventory of finished goods was 9,650 (for 1,000 units). Cost of goods sold was 174,600. What was the companys finished goods inventory cost at December 31? a. 98,050 b. 29,100 c. 29,050 d. 40,600Brody Company makes industrial cleaning solvents. Various chemicals, detergent, and water are mixed together and then bottled in 10-gallon drums. Brody provided the following information for last year: Last year, Brody completed 100,000 units. Sales revenue equaled 1,200,000, and Brody paid a sales commission of 5 percent of sales. Required: 1. Calculate the direct materials used in production for last year. 2. Calculate total prime cost. 3. Calculate total conversion cost. 4. Prepare a cost of goods manufactured statement for last year. Calculate the unit product cost. 5. Prepare a cost of goods sold statement for last year. 6. Prepare an income statement for last year. Show the percentage of sales that each line item represents.Wright Plastic Products is a small company that specialized in the production of plastic dinner plates until several years ago. Although profits for the company had been good, they have been declining in recent years because of increased competition. Many competitors offer a full range of plastic products, and management felt that this created a competitive disadvantage. The output of the companys plants was exclusively devoted to plastic dinner plates. Three years ago, management made a decision to add additional product lines. They determined that existing idle capacity in each plant could easily be adapted to produce other plastic products. Each plant would produce one additional product line. For example, the Atlanta plant would add a line of plastic cups. Moreover, the variable cost of producing a package of cups (one dozen) was virtually identical to that of a package of plastic plates. (Variable costs referred to here are those that change in total as the units produced change. The costs include direct materials, direct labor, and unit-based variable overhead such as power and other machine costs.) Since the fixed expenses would not change, the new product was forecast to increase profits significantly (for the Atlanta plant). Two years after the addition of the new product line, the profits of the Atlanta plant (as well as other plants) had not improvedin fact, they had dropped. Upon investigation, the president of the company discovered that profits had not increased as expected because the so-called fixed cost pool had increased dramatically. The president interviewed the manager of each support department at the Atlanta plant. Typical responses from four of those managers are given next. Materials handling: The additional batches caused by the cups increased the demand for materials handling. We had to add one forklift and hire additional materials handling labor. Inspection: Inspecting cups is more complicated than plastic plates. We only inspect a sample drawn from every batch, but you need to understand that the number of batches has increased with this new product line. We had to hire more inspection labor. Purchasing: The new line increased the number of purchase orders. We had to use more resources to handle this increased volume. Accounting: There were more transactions to process than before. We had to increase our staff. Required: 1. Explain why the results of adding the new product line were not accurately projected. 2. Could this problem have been avoided with an activity-based cost management system? If so, would you recommend that the company adopt this type of system? Explain and discuss the differences between an activity-based cost management system and a traditional cost management system.The following items are associated with a traditional cost accounting information system, an activity-based cost accounting information system, or both (that is, some elements are common to the two systems): a. Usage of direct materials b. Direct materials cost assigned to products using direct tracing c. Direct labor cost incurrence d. Direct labor cost assigned to products using direct tracing e. Setup cost incurrence f. Setup cost assigned using number of setups as the activity driver g. Setup cost assigned using direct labor hours as the activity driver h. Cost accounting personnel i. Submission of a bid, using product cost plus 25 percent j. Purchasing cost incurrence k. Purchasing cost assigned to products using direct labor hours as the activity driver l. Purchasing cost assigned to products using number of orders as the activity driver m. Materials handling cost incurrence n. Materials handling cost assigned using the number of moves as the activity driver o. Materials handling cost assigned using direct labor hours as the activity driver p. Computer q. Costing out of products r. Decision to continue making a part rather than buying it s. Printer t. Customer service cost incurred u. Customer service cost assigned to products using number of complaints as the activity driver v. Report detailing individual product costs w. Commission cost x. Commission cost assigned to products using units sold as the activity driver y. Plant depreciation z. Plant depreciation assigned to products using direct labor hours Required: 1. For each cost system, classify the relevant items into one of the following categories: a. Interrelated parts b. Processes c. Objectives d. Inputs e. Outputs f. User actions 2. Explain the choices that differ between the two systems. Which system will provide the best support for the user actions? Explain. 3. Draw an operational model that illustrates each cost accounting systemwith the items that belong to the system used as examples for each component of the model. 4. Based on the operational models, comment on the relative costs and benefits of the two systems. Which system should be chosen?The actions listed next are associated with either an activity-based operational control system or a traditional operational control system: a. Budgeted costs for the maintenance department are compared with the actual costs of the maintenance department. b. The maintenance department manager receives a bonus for beating budget. c. The costs of resources are traced to activities and then to products. d. The purchasing department is set up as a responsibility center. e. Activities are identified and listed. f. Activities are categorized as adding or not adding value to the organization. g. A standard for a products material usage cost is set and compared against the products actual materials usage cost. h. The cost of performing an activity is tracked over time. i. The distance between moves is identified as the cause of materials handling cost. j. A purchasing agent is rewarded for buying parts below the standard price set by the company. k. The cost of the materials handling activity is reduced dramatically by redesigning the plant layout. l. An investigation is undertaken to find out why the actual labor cost for the production of 1,000 units is greater than the labor standard allowed. m. The percentage of defective units is calculated and tracked over time. n. Engineering has been given the charge to find a way to reduce setup time by 75 percent. o. The manager of the receiving department lays off two receiving clerks so that the fourth-quarter budget can be met. Required: Classify the preceding actions as belonging to either an activity-based operational control system or a traditional control system. Explain why you classified each action as you did.Spencer Company produced 200,000 cases of sports drinks during the past calendar year. Each case of 1-liter bottles sells for 36. Spencer had 2,500 cases of spoils drinks in finished goods inventory at the beginning of the year. At the end of the year, there were 11,500 cases of sports drinks in finished goods inventory. Spencers accounting records provide the following information: Required: 1. Prepare a cost of goods manufactured statement. 2. Compute the cost of producing one case of sports drink last year. (Round your answer to the nearest cent.) 3. Prepare an income statement on an absorption-costing basis. Include a column showing the percent of each line item of sales. (Round your percentage answers to two significant digits, e.g., 45.67%.)33PMason, Durant, and Westbrook (MDW) is a tax services firm. The firm is located in Oklahoma City and employs 15 professionals and eight staff. The firm does tax work for small businesses and well-to-do individuals. The following data are provided for the last fiscal year. (The Mason, Durant, and Westbrook fiscal year runs from July 1 through June 30.) Required: 1. Prepare a statement of cost of services sold. 2. Refer to the statement prepared in Requirement 1. What is the dominant cost? Will this always be true of service organizations? If not, provide an example of an exception. 3. Assuming that the average fee for processing a return is 850, prepare an income statement for Mason, Durant, and Westbrook. 4. Discuss three differences between services and tangible products. Calculate the average cost of preparing a tax return for last year. How do the differences between services and tangible products affect the ability of MDW to use the last years average cost of preparing a tax return in budgeting the cost of tax return services to be offered next year?Orman Company produces neon-colored covers for tablets (e.g., iPads). For last year, Orman reported the following: Last year, Orman produced 89,000 units and sold 90,500 units at 10.50 per unit. Required: 1. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured. 2. Prepare an absorption-costing income statement.High drug costs are often in the news. Consumer groups contend that the pricing for some drugs (e.g., HIV anti-retrovirals, Betaseron for multiple sclerosis) is too high considering that the cost to manufacture each dose is so low. They talk of price gouging and excessive profits. Pharmaceutical companies defend the prices charged on the basis of research and development costs. They state that the percentage of successful drugs emanating from research efforts is low and that it may take years before a promising drug passes through Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements and becomes available for sale. Required: 1. Which cost definition from Exhibit 2.5 is being used by the consumer groups? The pharmaceutical companies? What is included in the cost figures cited by consumer groups? What are the pharmaceutical companies including in their discussion of product cost? Which costs do you think should be included when comparing the cost of a drug with its price? 2. Suppose that you are the accountant for the pharmaceutical company who is charged with the responsibility for compiling costs associated with your newest drug. The cost figures will be used in pricing and to determine profitability of the drug. What costs do you think you would include? Does the IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice have any bearing on your choice? Discuss.Why is knowledge of cost behavior important for managerial decision making? Give an example to illustrate your answer.How does the length of the time horizon affect the classification of a cost as fixed or variable? What is the meaning of short run? Long run?3DQWhat is the relationship between flexible resources and cost behavior?What is the relationship between committed resources and cost behavior?Describe the difference between a variable cost and a step-variable cost. When is it reasonable to treat step-variable costs as if they were variable costs?Why do mixed costs pose a problem when it comes to classifying costs into fixed and variable categories?Why is a scattergraph a good first step in separating mixed costs into their fixed and variable components?What are the advantages of the scatterplot method over the high-low method? The high-low method over the scatterplot method?10DQWhat is meant by the best-fitting line? Is the best-fitting line necessarily a good-fitting line? Explain.When is multiple regression required to explain cost behavior?Explain the meaning of the learning curve. How do managers determine the appropriate learning curve percentage to use?Assume you are the manager responsible for implementing a new service. The time to perform the service is subject to the learning curve. Would you prefer that the new service have a learning rate of 85 percent or 80 percent? Why?Some firms assign mixed costs to either the fixed or variable cost categories without using any formal methodology to separate them. Explain how this practice can be defended.Callies Gym is a complete fitness center. Owner Callie Ducain employs various fitness trainers who are expected to staff the front desk and to teach fitness classes. While on the front desk, trainers answer the phone, handle walk-ins and show them around the gym, answer member questions about the weight machines, and do light cleaning (wiping down the equipment, vacuuming the floor). The trainers also teach fitness classes (e.g., pilates, spinning, body pump) according to their own interest and training level. The cost of the fitness trainers is 600 per month and 20 per class taught. Last month, 100 classes were taught. Required: 1. Develop a cost equation for total cost of labor. 2. What was total variable labor cost last month? 3. What was total labor cost last month? 4. What was the unit cost of labor (per class) for last month? 5. What if Callie increased the number of classes offered by 50 percent? What would be the total labor cost? The unit labor cost? Explain why the unit labor cost decreased.Corazon Manufacturing Company has a purchasing department staffed by five purchasing agents. Each agent is paid 28,000 per year and is able to process 4,000 purchase orders. Last year, 17,800 purchase orders were processed by the five agents. Required: 1. Calculate the activity rate per purchase order. 2. Calculate, in terms of purchase orders, the: a. total activity availability b. unused capacity 3. Calculate the dollar cost of: a. total activity availability b. unused capacity 4. Express total activity availability in terms of activity capacity used and unused capacity. 5. What if one of the purchasing agents agreed to work half time for 14,000? How many purchase orders could be processed by four and a half purchasing agents? What would unused capacity be in purchase orders?Darnell Poston, owner of Poston Manufacturing, Inc., wants to determine the cost behavior of labor and overhead. Darnell pays his workers a salary; during busy times, everyone works to get the orders out. Temps (temporary workers hired through an agency) may be hired to pack and prepare completed orders for shipment. During slower times, Darnell catches up on bookkeeping and administrative tasks while the salaried workers do preventive maintenance, clean the lines and building, etc. Temps are not hired during slow times. Darnell found that workers salaries, temp agency payments, rentals, utilities, and plant and equipment depreciation are the largest dollar accounts. He believes that workers salaries and plant and equipment depreciation are fixed, temp agency payments are associated with the number of orders (since temp workers are used to pack and prepare completed orders for shipment), and electricity is associated with the number of machine hours. When the number of different parts stored by Poston exceeds the space in the materials storeroom, Darnell rents nearby warehouse space. He can rent as much or as little space as he wants on a month-to-month basis. Therefore, he believes warehouse rental payments are variable with the number of parts purchased and stored. The account balances for the past six months as well as the six-month total are as follows: Information on number of machine hours, orders, and parts for the six-month period follows: Required: 1. Calculate the monthly average account balance for each account. Calculate the average monthly amount for each of the three drivers. 2. Calculate fixed monthly cost and the variable rates for temp agency payments, warehouse rent, and electricity. Express the results in the form of an equation for total cost. 3. In July, Darnell predicts there will be 420 orders, 250 parts, and 5,900 machine hours. What is the total labor and overhead cost for July? 4. What if Darnell buys a new machine in July for 24,000? The machine is expected to last 10 years and will have no salvage value at the end of that time. What part of the cost equation will be affected? How? What is the new expected cost in July?Dohini Manufacturing Company had the following 12 months of data on purchasing cost and number of purchase orders. Required: 1. Determine the high point and the low point. 2. Calculate the variable rate for purchasing cost based on the number of purchase orders. (Round to nearest cent.) 3. Calculate the fixed monthly cost of purchasing. (Round to nearest dollar.) 4. Write the cost formula for the purchasing activity showing the fixed cost and the variable rate. 5. If Dohini Manufacturing Company estimates that next month will have 430 purchase orders, what is the total estimated purchasing cost for that month? (Round to nearest dollar.) 6. What if Dohini Manufacturing wants to estimate purchasing cost for the coming year and expects 5,340 purchase orders? What will estimated total purchasing cost be? What is the total fixed purchasing cost? Why doesnt it equal the fixed cost calculated in Requirement 3? (Round to nearest dollar.)Refer to Cornerstone Exercise 3.4 for data on Dohini Manufacturing Companys purchasing cost and number of purchase orders. The controller for Dohini Manufacturing ran regression on the data, and the coefficients shown by the regression program are: Required: 1. Construct the cost formula for the purchasing activity showing the fixed cost and the variable rate. 2. If Dohini Manufacturing Company estimates that next month will have 430 purchase orders, what is the total estimated purchasing cost for that month? (Round your answer to the nearest dollar.) 3. What if Dohini Manufacturing wants to estimate purchasing cost for the coming year and expects 5,340 purchase orders? What will estimated total purchasing cost be? (Round your answer to the nearest dollar.) What is the total fixed purchasing cost? Why doesnt it equal the fixed cost calculated in Requirement 1?The controller for Dohini Manufacturing Company felt that the number of purchase orders alone did not explain the monthly purchasing cost. He knew that nonstandard orders (for example, one requiring an overseas supplier) took more time and effort. He collected data on the number of nonstandard orders for the past 12 months and added that information to the data on purchasing cost and total number of purchase orders. Multiple regression was run on the above data; the coefficients shown by the regression program are: Required: 1. Construct the cost formula for the purchasing activity showing the fixed cost and the variable rate. 2. If Dohini Manufacturing Company estimates that next month will have 430 total purchase orders and 45 nonstandard orders, what is the total estimated purchasing cost for that month? (Round your answer to the nearest dollar.) 3. What if Dohini Manufacturing wants to estimate purchasing cost for the coming year and expects 5,340 purchase orders and 580 nonstandard orders? What will estimated total purchasing cost be? What is the total fixed purchasing cost? Why doesnt it equal the fixed cost calculated in Requirement 2? (Round your answers to the nearest dollar.)7CEState Universitys football team just received a bowl game invitation, and the students and alumni are excited. Holiday Travel Agency, located close to campus, decided to put together a bowl game package. For 50,000, a 737 jet could be chartered to take up to 170 people to and from the bowl city. A block of 85 hotel rooms could be confirmed for 400 each (a three-night commitment); Holiday Travel must pay for all the rooms in advance and cannot cancel any of them. The day of the game, a pregame buffet will be catered at 30 per person, and each person will receive a game favor package (consisting of a sweatshirt, a T-shirt, a commemorative pin with the school and bowl logos, and two pompons in the schools colors). All items in the favor package can be purchased by Holiday Travel on December 21 and will cost the agency 25 per set. Buses will be chartered in the bowl city to transport participants to and from the airport and the game. Each bus holds 50 people and can be chartered for 500. The bowl game is scheduled for December 28, and the trip will span three nightsDecember 26, 27, and 28. Purchasers must reserve their package and pay in full by December 20. Required: 1. List the resources that are mentioned in the above scenario. 2. For each resource, determine (a) whether it is a flexible or committed resource and (b) the type of cost behavior displayed (variable, fixed, mixed, or step cost).Classify the following costs of activity inputs as variable, fixed, or mixed. Identify the activity and the associated activity driver that allow you to define the cost behavior. For example, assume that the resource input is cloth in a shirt. The activity would be sewing shirts, the cost behavior variable, and the activity driver units produced. Prepare your answers in the following format: a. Flu vaccine b. Salaries, equipment, and materials used for moving materials in a factory c. Forms used to file insurance claims d. Salaries, forms, and postage associated with purchasing e. Printing and postage for advertising circulars f. Equipment, labor, and parts used to repair and maintain production equipment g. Power to operate sewing machines in a clothing factory h. Wooden cabinets enclosing audio speakers i. Advertising j. Sales commissions k. Fuel for a delivery van l. Depreciation on a warehouse m. Depreciation on a forklift used to move partially completed goods n. X-ray film used in the radiology department of a hospital o. Rental car provided for a clientSmokeCity, Inc., manufactures barbeque smokers. Based on past experience, SmokeCity has found that its total annual overhead costs can be represented by the following formula: Overhead cost = 543,000 + 1.34X, where X equals number of smokers. Last year, SmokeCity produced 20,000 smokers. Actual overhead costs for the year were as expected. Required: 1. What is the driver for the overhead activity? 2. What is the total overhead cost incurred by SmokeCity last year? 3. What is the total fixed overhead cost incurred by SmokeCity last year? 4. What is the total variable overhead cost incurred by SmokeCity last year? 5. What is the overhead cost per unit produced? 6. What is the fixed overhead cost per unit? 7. What is the variable overhead cost per unit? 8. Recalculate Requirements 5, 6, and 7 for the following levels of production: (a) 19,500 units and (b) 21,600 units. (Round your answers to the nearest cent.) Explain this outcome.Cashion Company produces chemical mixtures for veterinary pharmaceutical companies. Its factory has four mixing lines that mix various powdered chemicals together according to specified formulas. Each line can produce up to 5,000 barrels per year. Each line has one supervisor who is paid 34,000 per year. Depreciation on equipment averages 16,000 per year. Direct materials and power cost about 4.50 per unit. Required: 1. Prepare a graph for each of these three costs: equipment depreciation, supervisors wages, and direct materials and power. Use the vertical axis for cost and the horizontal axis for units (barrels). Assume that sales range from 0 to 20,000 units. 2. Assume that the normal operating range for the company is 16,000 to 19,000 units per year. How would you classify each of the three types of cost?For the following activities and their associated resources, identify the following: (1) a cost driver, (2) flexible resources, and (3) committed resources. Also, label each resource as one of the following with respect to the cost driver: (a) variable and (b) fixed.13EVargas, Inc., produces industrial machinery. Vargas has a machining department and a group of direct laborers called machinists. Each machinist is paid 25,000 and can machine up to 500 units per year. Vargas also hires supervisors to develop machine specification plans and to oversee production within the machining department. Given the planning and supervisory work, a supervisor can oversee three machinists, at most. Vargass accounting and production history reveal the following relationships between units produced and the costs of direct labor and supervision (measured on an annual basis): Required: 1. Prepare two graphs: one that illustrates the relationship between direct labor cost and units produced, and one that illustrates the relationship between the cost of supervision and units produced. Let cost be the vertical axis and units produced the horizontal axis. 2. How would you classify each cost? Why? 3. Suppose that the normal range of activity is between 2,400 and 2,450 units and that the exact number of machinists is currently hired to support this level of activity. Further suppose that production for the next year is expected to increase by an additional 400 units. How much will the cost of direct labor increase (and how will this increase be realized)? Cost of supervision?Penny Davis runs the Shear Beauty Salon near a college campus. Several months ago, Penny used some unused space at the back of the salon and bought two used tanning beds. She hired a receptionist and kept the salon open for extended hours each week so that tanning clients would be able to use the benefits of their tanning packages. After three months, Penny wanted additional information on the costs of the tanning area. She accumulated the following data on four accounts: Penny decided that wages and equipment depreciation were fixed. She thought supplies and maintenance would vary with the number of tanning visits and that electricity would vary with the number of tanning minutes. Required: 1. Calculate the average account balance for each account. Calculate the average monthly amount for each of the two drivers. (Round all answers to the nearest dollar or the nearest whole unit.) 2. Calculate fixed monthly cost and the variable rates for the account averages. (Round to the nearest cent.) Express the results in the form of an equation for total cost. 3. In April, Penny predicts there will be 360 visits for a total of 3,700 minutes. What is the total cost for April? 4. Suppose that Penny decides to buy a new tanning bed at the beginning of April for 6,960. The tanning bed is expected to last four years and will have no salvage value at the end of that time. What part of the cost equation will be affected? How? What is the new expected cost in April?Shirrell Blackthorn is the accountant for several pizza restaurants based in a tri-city area. The president of the chain wanted some help with budgeting and cost control, so Shirrell decided to analyze the accounts for the past year. She divided the accounts into four different categories, depending on whether they appeared to be primarily fixed or to vary with one of three different drivers. Food and wage costs appeared to vary with the total sales dollars. Delivery costs varied with the number of miles driven (workers were required to use their own cars and were reimbursed for miles driven). A group of other costs, including purchasing, materials handling, and purchases of kitchen equipment, dishes, and pans, appeared to vary with the number of different product types (e.g., pizza, salad, and lasagna). Shirrell came up with the following monthly averages: Required: 1. Calculate the average variable rate for the following costs: food and wages, delivery costs, and other costs. 2. Form an equation for total cost based on the fixed costs and your results from Requirement 1. 3. The president is considering expanding the restaurant menu and plans to add one new offering to the menu. According to the cost equation, what is the additional monthly cost for the new menu offering?Deepa Dalal opened a free-standing radiology clinic. She had anticipated that the costs for the radiological tests would be primarily fixed, but she found that costs increased with the number of tests performed. Costs for this service over the past nine months are as follows: Required: 1. Prepare a scattergraph based on the preceding data. Use cost for the vertical axis and number of radiology tests for the horizontal axis. Based on an examination of the scattergraph, does there appear to be a linear relationship between the cost of radiology service and the number of tests? 2. Compute the cost formula for radiology services using the high-low method. 3. Calculate the predicted cost of radiology services for October for 3,500 tests using the formula found in Requirement 2.18EThe controller of the South Charleston plant of Ravinia, Inc., monitored activities associated with materials handling costs. The high and low levels of resource usage occurred in September and March for three different resources associated with materials handling. The number of moves is the driver. The total costs of the three resources and the activity output, as measured by moves for the two different levels, are presented as follows: Required: 1. Determine the cost behavior formula of each resource. Use the high-low method to assess the fixed and variable components. 2. Using your knowledge of cost behavior, predict the cost of each item for an activity output level of 9,000 moves. 3. Construct a cost formula that can be used to predict the total cost of the three resources combined. Using this formula, predict the total materials handling cost if activity output is 9,000 moves. In general, when can cost formulas be combined to form a single cost formula?Lassiter Company used the method of least squares to develop a cost equation to predict the cost of moving materials. There were 80 data points for the regression, and the following computer output was generated: The activity driver used was the number of moves. Required: 1. What is the cost formula? 2. Using the cost formula, predict the cost of moving materials if 340 moves are made. (Round to the nearest dollar.) 3. What percentage of the variability in moving cost is explained by the number of moves? Do you think the equation will predict well? Why or why not?Sweet Dreams Bakery was started five years ago by Della Fontera who was known for her breads, sweet rolls, and personalized cakes. Della had kept her accounting system simple, believing that she had a good intuitive handle on costs. She had been using the following formula to describe her monthly overhead costs: Overhead cost = 7,800 + 7.50 (direct labor hours) For breads and sweet rolls that were available in the bakery case each day, she applied a standard pricing system. For special orders, however, Della needed her cost formula to help her come up with an estimated cost for the personalized cake or wedding cake. To that cost, she applied a markup percentage. Lately, however, the increase in the variety of orders and the elaborateness of the wedding cakes made her wonder if a more sophisticated view of costs would help her in planning, budgeting, and pricing. After some late-night discussions with her workers, Della determined that Sweet Dreams expansion into wedding cakes and gift baskets had made special orders a more complex operation. The various shapes of the wedding cake tiers had required Dellas investing in different- sized cake pans, as well as decorating tips for icing. The different icing patterns and elaborate designs took much more time for icing, as well. In addition, while a five-year-olds birthday cake just requires that the childs name and (possibly) the superheros name are spelled correctly, a wedding cake is a once-in-a-lifetime item that must achieve perfection. (Della hated to use the term bridezilla but.) Gift baskets required Della to stock baskets, cellophane, and bows. Then when an order came in, a worker had to stop baking to arrange the muffins and breads artfully in the basket, wrap it, and tie the bow. While it seemed simple enough, this took time and thought. Thus, the number of direct labor hours was still an important variable, but so were the number of wedding cakes and gift baskets. Della rummaged through her college textbooks and found information on regression. Then, with help from one of her computer savvy workers, she ran multiple regression tables for the past 24 months of data for Sweet Dreams for three independent variables: number of direct labor hours, the number of wedding cakes, and the number of gift baskets. The following printout was obtained: Required: 1. Write out the cost equation for Sweet Dreams monthly overhead cost. 2. Suppose that next month Sweet Dreams expects to have 550 direct labor hours, 35 wedding cakes, and 20 gift baskets. What is the expected overhead? (Round to the nearest dollar.) 3. What does R2 mean in this equation? Overall, what is your evaluation of the cost equation that was developed for the cost of overhead? Suppose that Sweet Dreams charges an extra 2.50 to prepare a gift basket. This charge is in addition to the price charged for the items (e.g., muffins) that the customer chooses to put into the basket. How might Della use the results of the regression equation to see whether or not the 2.50 charge is appropriate?Ginnian and Fitch, a regional accounting firm, performs yearly audits on a number of different for-profit and not-for-profit entities. Two years ago, Luisa Mellina, Ginnians partner in charge of operations, became concerned about the amount of audit time required by not-for-profit entities. As a result, she instituted a series of training programs focusing on the auditing of not-forprofit entities. Now, she would like to see if the training seemed to work. So, she ran a multiple regression on 22 months of data for Ginnian for three variables: the total monthly cost of audit professional time, the number of not-for-profit audits, and the hours of training in the audit of not-for-profit entities. The following printout was obtained: Required: 1. Write out the cost equation for Ginnians audit professional time. 2. If Ginnian expects to have 9 audits of not-for-profits next month and expects that audit professionals will have a total of 130 hours of not-for-profit training, what is the anticipated cost of professional time? 3. Are the hours spent auditing not-for-profit entities positively or negatively correlated with audit professional costs? Is percentage of experienced team members positively or negatively correlated with audit professional cost? 4. What does R2 mean in this equation? Overall, what is your evaluation of the cost equation that was developed for the cost of audit professionals?Bordner Company manufactures HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems for commercial buildings. For each new design, Bordner faces a 90 percent learning rate. On average, the first unit of a new design takes 600 hours. Direct labor is paid 25 per hour. Required: 1. Set up a table with columns showing: the cumulative number of units, cumulative average time per unit in hours, and cumulative total time in hours. Show results by row for total production of one unit, two units, four units, eight units, and sixteen units. (Round hour answers to two significant digits.) 2. What is the total labor cost if Bordner makes the following number of units: one, four, sixteen? What is the average cost per system for the following number of systems: one, four, or sixteen? (Round your answers to the nearest dollar.) 3. Using the logarithmic function, set up a table with columns showing: the cumulative number of units, cumulative average time per unit in hours, cumulative total time in hours, and the time for the last unit. Show results by row for each of units one through eight. (Round answers to two significant digits.)Sharon Glessing, controller for Janson Company, has noticed that the company faces a 75 percent learning rate for its specialty design line. In planning the cost of the latest design, Sharon assumed that the first set of units would take 1,000 direct labor hours. She decided to use this information in budgeting for the cost of the total project, which would involve the manufacture of 16 sets. Direct labor is paid 40 per hour. Required: 1. Set up a table with columns showing the cumulative number of units, cumulative average time per unit in hours, and cumulative total time in hours. Show results by row for total production of one unit, two units, four units, eight units, and sixteen units. (Round hour answers to two significant digits.) 2. What is the total labor cost if Janson Company makes eight sets? Sixteen sets? (Round your answers to the nearest dollar.) 3. Using the logarithmic function, set up a table with columns showing: the cumulative number of units, cumulative average time per unit in hours, cumulative total time in hours, and the time for the last unit. Show results by row for each of unit sets one through eight. (Round hour answers to two significant digits.) What is the direct labor cost for the eighth set?The graphs below represent cost behavior patterns that might occur in a companys cost structure. The vertical axis represents total cost, and the horizontal axis represents activity output. Required: For each of the following situations, choose the graph from the group a1 that best illustrates the cost pattern involved. Also, for each situation, identify the driver that measures activity output. 1. The cost of power when a fixed fee of 500 per month is charged plus an additional charge of 0.12 per kilowatt-hour used. 2. Commissions paid to sales representatives. Commissions are paid at the rate of 5 percent of sales made up to total annual sales of 500,000, and 7 percent of sales above 500,000. 3. A part purchased from an outside supplier costs 12 per part for the first 3,000 parts and 10 per part for all parts purchased in excess of 3,000 units. 4. The cost of surgical gloves, which are purchased in increments of 100 units (gloves come in boxes of 100 pairs). 5. The cost of tuition at a local college that charges 250 per credit hour up to 15 credit hours. Hours taken in excess of 15 are free. 6. The cost of tuition at another college that charges 4,500 per semester for any course load ranging from 12 to 16 credit hours. Students taking fewer than 12 credit hours are charged 375 per credit hour. Students taking more than 16 credit hours are charged 4,500 plus 300 per credit hour in excess of 16. 7. A beauty shops purchase of soaking solution to remove artificial nails. Each jar of solution can soak off approximately 50 nails before losing its effectiveness. 8. Purchase of diagnostics equipment by a company for inspection of incoming orders. 9. Use of disposable gowns by patients in a hospital. 10. Cost of labor at a local fast-food restaurant. Three employees are always on duty during working hours; more employees can be called in during periods of heavy demand to work on an as-needed basis. 11. A manufacturer found that the maintenance cost of its heavy machinery was tied to the age of the equipment. Experience indicated that the maintenance cost increased at an increasing rate as the equipment aged.Starling Co. manufactures one product with a selling price of 18 and variable cost of 12. Starlings total annual fixed costs are 38,400. If operating income last year was 28,800, what was the number of units Starling sold? a. 4,800 b. 6,400 c. 5,600 d. 11,200Alard Manufacturing Company has a billing department staffed by four billing clerks. Each clerk is paid 32,000 per year and is able to process 8,000 bills. Last year, 27,360 bills were processed by the four agents. Calculate the unused capacity in terms of number of bills. a. 27,360 b. 4,640 c. 8,000 d. 32,00028E29ENatur-Gro, Inc., manufactures composters. Based on past experience, Natur-Gro has found that its total annual overhead costs can be represented by the following formula: Overhead cost = 264,000 + 1.42X, where X equals number of composters. Last year, Natur-Gro produced 30,000 composters. Actual overhead costs for the year were as expected. Total overhead for per unit was a. 1.42 b. 8.80 c. 11.63 d. 10.22Rolertyme Company manufactures roller skates. With the exception of the rollers, all parts of the skates are produced internally. Neeta Booth, president of Rolertyme, has decided to make the rollers instead of buying them from external suppliers. The company needs 100,000 sets per year (currently it pays 1.90 per set of rollers). The rollers can be produced using an available area within the plant. However, equipment for production of the rollers would need to be leased (30,000 per year lease payment). Additionally, it would cost 0.50 per machine hour for power, oil, and other operating expenses. The equipment will provide 60,000 machine hours per year. Direct material costs will average 0.75 per set, and direct labor will average 0.25 per set. Since only one type of roller would be produced, no additional demands would be made on the setup activity. Other overhead activities (besides machining and setups), however, would be affected. The companys cost management system provides the following information about the current status of the overhead activities that would be affected. (The supply and demand figures do not include the effect of roller production on these activities.) The lumpy quantity indicates how much capacity must be purchased should any expansion of activity supply be needed. The purchase price is the cost of acquiring the capacity represented by the lumpy quantity. This price also represents the cost of current spending on existing activity supply (for each block of activity). Production of rollers would place the following demands on the overhead activities: Producing the rollers also means that the purchase of outside rollers will cease. Thus, purchase orders associated with the outside acquisition of rollers will drop by 5,000. Similarly, the moves for the handling of incoming orders will decrease by 200. The company has not inspected the rollers purchased from outside suppliers. Required: 1. Classify all resources associated with the production of rollers as flexible resources and committed resources. Label each committed resource as a short- or long-term commitment. How should we describe the cost behavior of these short- and long-term resource commitments? Explain. 2. Calculate the total annual resource spending (for all activities except for setups) that the company will incur after production of the rollers begins. Break this cost into fixed and variable activity costs. In calculating these figures, assume that the company will spend no more than necessary. What is the effect on resource spending caused by production of the rollers? 3. Refer to Requirement 2. For each activity, break down the cost of activity supplied into the cost of activity output and the cost of unused activity.St. Teresas Medical Center (STMC) offers a number of specialized medical services, including neuroscience, cardiology, and oncology. STMCs strong reputation for quality medical care allowed it to branch out into other services. It is now ready to expand its orthopedic services and has just added a free-standing orthopedic clinic offering a full range of outpatient, surgical, and physical therapy services. The cost of the orthopedic facility is depreciated on a straight-line basis. All equipment within the facility is leased. Since the clinic had no experience with in-patient orthopedic services (for patients recovering from hip and knee replacements, for example), it decided to operate the orthopedic center for two months before determining how much to charge per patient day on an ongoing basis. As a temporary measure, the clinic adopted a patient-day charge of 190, an amount equal to the fees charged by a hospital specializing in orthopedic care in a nearby city. This initial per-day charge was quoted to patients entering the orthopedic center during the first two months with assurances that if the actual operating costs of the new center justified it, the charge could be less. In no case would the charges be more. A temporary policy of billing after 60 days was adopted so that any adjustments could be made. The orthopedic center opened on January 1. During January, the center had 4,200 patient days of activity. During February, the activity was 4,500 patient days. Costs for these two levels of activity output are as follows: Required: 1. Classify each cost as fixed, variable, or mixed, using patient days as the activity driver. 2. Use the high-low method to separate the mixed costs into fixed and variable. 3. The administrator of the orthopedic center estimated that the center will average 4,300 patient days per month. If the center is to be operated as a nonprofit organization, how much will it need to charge per patient day? How much of this charge is variable? How much is fixed? 4. Suppose the orthopedic center averages 4,800 patient days per month. How much would need to be charged per patient day for the center to cover its costs? Explain why the charge per patient day decreased as the activity output increased.Big Mikes, a large hardware store, has gathered data on its overhead activities and associated costs for the past 10 months. Nizam Sanjay, a member of the controllers department, believes that overhead activities and costs should be classified into groups that have the same driver. He has decided that unloading incoming goods, counting goods, and inspecting goods can be grouped together as a more general receiving activity, since these three activities are all driven by the number of receiving orders. The 10 months of data shown below have been gathered for the receiving activity. Required: 1. Prepare a scattergraph, plotting the receiving costs against the number of purchase orders. Use the vertical axis for costs and the horizontal axis for orders. 2. Select two points that make the best fit, and compute a cost formula for receiving costs. 3. Using the high-low method, prepare a cost formula for the receiving activity. 4. Using the method of least squares, prepare a cost formula for the receiving activity. What is the coefficient of determination?Kimball Company has developed the following cost formulas: Materialusage:Ym=80X;r=0.95Laborusage(direct):Yl=20X;r=0.96Overheadactivity:Yo=350,000+100X;r=0.75Sellingactivity:Ys=50,000+10X;r=0.93 where X=Directlaborhours The company has a policy of producing on demand and keeps very little, if any, finished goods inventory (thus, units produced equals units sold). Each unit uses one direct labor hour for production. The president of Kimball Company has recently implemented a policy that any special orders will be accepted if they cover the costs that the orders cause. This policy was implemented because Kimballs industry is in a recession and the company is producing well below capacity (and expects to continue doing so for the coming year). The president is willing to accept orders that minimally cover their variable costs so that the company can keep its employees and avoid layoffs. Also, any orders above variable costs will increase overall profitability of the company. Required: 1. Compute the total unit variable cost. Suppose that Kimball has an opportunity to accept an order for 20,000 units at 220 per unit. Should Kimball accept the order? (The order would not displace any of Kimballs regular orders.) 2. Explain the significance of the coefficient of correlation measures for the cost formulas. Did these measures have a bearing on your answer in Requirement 1? Should they have a bearing? Why or why not? 3. Suppose that a multiple regression equation is developed for overhead costs: Y = 100,000 + 100X1 + 5,000X2 + 300X3, where X1 = direct labor hours, X2 = number of setups, and X3 = engineering hours. The coefficient of determination for the equation is 0.94. Assume that the order of 20,000 units requires 12 setups and 600 engineering hours. Given this new information, should the company accept the special order referred to in Requirement 1? Is there any other information about cost behavior that you would like to have? Explain.The management of Wheeler Company has decided to develop cost formulas for its major overhead activities. Wheeler uses a highly automated manufacturing process, and power costs are a significant manufacturing cost. Cost analysts have decided that power costs are mixed; thus, they must be broken into their fixed and variable elements so that the cost behavior of the power usage activity can be properly described. Machine hours have been selected as the activity driver for power costs. The following data for the past eight quarters have been collected: Required: 1. Prepare a scattergraph by plotting power costs against machine hours. Does the scatter-graph show a linear relationship between machine hours and power cost? 2. Using the high and low points, compute a power cost formula. 3. Use the method of least squares to compute a power cost formula. Evaluate the coefficient of determination. 4. Rerun the regression and drop the point (20,000; 26,000) as an outlier. Compare the results from this regression to those for the regression in Requirement 3. Which is better?DeMarco Company is developing a cost formula for its packing activity. Discussion with the workers in the Packing Department has revealed that packing costs are associated with the number of customer orders, the size of the orders, and the relative fragility of the items (more fragile items must be specially wrapped in bubble wrap and Styrofoam). Data for the past 20 months have been gathered: Required: 1. Using the method of least squares, run a regression using the number of orders as the independent variable. 2. Run a multiple regression using three independent variables: the number of orders, the weight of orders, and the number of fragile items. Which regression equation is better? Why? 3. Predict the total packing cost for 25,000 orders, weighing 40,000 pounds, with 4,000 fragile items.Weber Valley Regional Hospital has collected data on all of its activities for the past 16 months. Data for cardiac nursing care follow: Required: 1. Using the high-low method, calculate the variable rate per hour and the fixed cost for the nursing care activity. 2. Run a regression on the data, using hours of nursing care as the independent variable. Predict cost for the cardiac nursing care for September Year 2 if 1,400 hours of nursing care are forecast. Evaluate the regression equation. How comfortable are you with the predicted cost for September Year 2? 3. Upon looking into the events that happened at the end of Year 1, you find that the cardiology ward bought a cardiac-monitoring machine for the nursing station. Administrators also decided to add a new supervisory position for the evening shift. Monthly depreciation on the monitor and the salary of the new supervisor together total 10,000. Now, run two regression equations, one for the observations from Year 1 and the second using only the observations for the eight months in Year 2. Discuss your findings. What is your predicted cost of the cardiac nursing care activity for September Year 2?Friendly Bank is attempting to determine the cost behavior of its small business lending operations. One of the major activities is the application activity. Two possible activity drivers have been mentioned: application hours (number of hours to complete the application) and number of applications. The bank controller has accumulated the following data for the setup activity: Required: 1. Estimate a regression equation with application hours as the activity driver and the only independent variable. If the bank forecasts 2,600 application hours for the next month, what will be the budgeted application cost? 2. Estimate a regression equation with number of applications as the activity driver and the only independent variable. If the bank forecasts 80 applications for the next month, what will be the budgeted application cost? 3. Which of the two regression equations do you think does a better job of predicting application costs? Explain. 4. Run a multiple regression to determine the cost equation using both activity drivers. What are the budgeted application costs for 2,600 application hours and 80 applications?Randy Harris, controller, has been given the charge to implement an advanced cost management system. As part of this process, he needs to identify activity drivers for the activities of the firm. During the past four months, Randy has spent considerable effort identifying activities, their associated costs, and possible drivers for the activities costs. Initially, Randy made his selections based on his own judgment using his experience and input from employees who perform the activities. Later, he used regression analysis to confirm his judgment. Randy prefers to use one driver per activity, provided that an R2 of at least 80 percent can be produced. Otherwise, multiple drivers will be used, based on evidence provided by multiple regression analysis. For example, the activity of inspecting finished goods produced an R2 of less than 80 percent for any single activity driver. Randy believes, however, that a satisfactory cost formula can be developed using two activity drivers: the number of batches and the number of inspection hours. Data collected for a 14-month period are as follows: Required: 1. Calculate the cost formula for inspection costs using the two drivers, inspection hours and number of batches. Are both activity drivers useful? What does the R2 indicate about the formula? 2. Using the formula developed in Requirement 1, calculate the inspection cost when 300 inspection hours are used and 30 batches are produced. Prepare a 90 percent confidence interval for this prediction.The Lockit Company manufactures door knobs for residential homes and apartments. Lockit is considering the use of simple (single-driver) and multiple regression analyses to forecast annual sales because previous forecasts have been inaccurate. The new sales forecast will be used to initiate the budgeting process and to identify more completely the underlying process that generates sales. Larry Husky, the controller of Lockit, has considered many possible independent variables and equations to predict sales and has narrowed his choices to four equations. Husky used annual observations from 20 prior years to estimate each of the four equations. Following are definitions of the variables used in the four equations and a statistical summary of these equations: St=ForecastedsalesindollarsforLockitinperiodtSt1=ActualsalesindollarsforLockitinperiodt1Gt=ForecastedU.S.grossdomesticproductinperiodtGt1=ActualU.S.grossdomesticproductinperiodt1Nt1=Lockitsnetincomeinperiodt1 Required: 1. Write Equations 2 and 4 in the form Y = a + bx. 2. If actual sales are 1,500,000 in the current year, what would be the forecasted sales for Lockit in the coming year? 3. Explain why Larry Husky might prefer Equation 3 to Equation 2. 4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using Equation 4 to forecast sales.Harriman Industries manufactures engines for the aerospace industry. It has completed manufacturing the first unit of the new ZX-9 engine design. Management believes that the 1,000 labor hours required to complete this unit are reasonable and is prepared to go forward with the manufacture of additional units. An 80 percent cumulative average-time learning curve model for direct labor hours is assumed to be valid. Data on costs are as follows: Required: 1. Set up a table with columns for cumulative number of units, cumulative average time per unit in hours, and the cumulative total time in hours. Complete the table for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 units. (Round hours to one significant digit.) 2. What are the total variable costs of producing 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 units? What is the variable cost per unit for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 units?Thames Assurance Company sells a variety of life and health insurance products. Recently, Thames developed a long-term care policy for sale to members of university and college alumni associations. Thames estimated that the sale and service of this type of policy would be subject to a 90 percent cumulative average-time learning curve model. Each unit consists of 350 policies sold. The first unit is estimated to take 1,000 hours to sell and service. Required: 1. Set up a table with columns for cumulative number of units, cumulative average time per unit in hours, and the cumulative total time in hours. Complete the table for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 units. 2. Suppose that Thames revises its assumption to an 80 percent learning curve. How will this affect the amount of time needed to sell and service eight units? How do you suppose that Thames estimates the percent learning rate?What is a predetermined overhead rate? Explain why it is used.Describe what is meant by under- and overapplied overhead.Explain how a plantwide overhead rate, using a unit-based driver, can produce distorted product costs. In your answer, identify two major factors that impair the ability of plantwide rates to assign cost accurately.What are non-unit-related overhead activities? Non-unit-based cost drivers? Give some examples.What is an overhead consumption ratio?Overhead costs are the source of product cost distortions. Do you agree or disagree? Explain.What is activity-based product costing?What are the six steps that define the design of an activity-based costing system?Explain how the cost of resources is assigned to activities. What is meant by the phrase unbundling the general ledger accounts?10DQIdentify and define two types of activity drivers.What are unit-level activities? Batch-level activities? Product-level activities? Facility-level activities?13DQ14DQ15DQ1CEWarner Company has the following data for the past year: Warner uses the overhead control account to accumulate both actual and applied overhead. Required: 1. Calculate the overhead variance for the year and close it to cost of goods sold. 2. Assume the variance calculated is material. After prorating, close the variances to the appropriate accounts and provide the final ending balances of these accounts. 3. What if the variance is of the opposite sign calculated in Requirement 1? Provide the appropriate adjusting journal entries for Requirements 1 and 2.Lansing. Inc., provided the following data for its two producing departments: Machine hours are used to assign the overhead of the Molding Department, and direct labor hours are used to assign the overhead of the Polishing Department. There are 30,000 units of Form A produced and sold and 50,000 of Form B. Required: 1. Calculate the overhead rates for each department. 2. Using departmental rates, assign overhead to live two products and calculate the overhead cost per unit. How does this compare with the plantwide rate unit cost, using direct labor hours? 3. What if the machine hours in Molding were 1,200 for Form A and 3,800 for Form B and the direct labor hours used in Polishing were 5,000 and 15,000, respectively? Calculate the overhead cost per unit for each product using departmental rates, and compare with the plantwide rate unit costs calculated in Requirement 2. What can you conclude from this outcome?Larsen, Inc., produces two types of electronic parts and has provided the following data: There are four activities: machining, setting up, testing, and purchasing. Required: 1. Calculate the activity consumption ratios for each product. 2. Calculate the consumption ratios for the plantwide rate (direct labor hours). When compared with the activity ratios, what can you say about the relative accuracy of a plantwide rate? Which product is undercosted? 3. What if the machine hours were used for the plantwide rate? Would this remove the cost distortion of a plantwide rate?Roberts Company produces two weed eaters: basic and advanced. The company has four activities: machining, engineering, receiving, and inspection. Information on these activities and their drivers is given below. Overhead costs: Required: 1. Calculate the four activity rates. 2. Calculate the unit costs using activity rates. Also, calculate the overhead cost per unit. 3. What if consumption ratios instead of activity rates were used to assign costs instead of activity rates? Show the cost assignment for the inspection activity.Golding Bank provided the following data about its resources and activities for its checking account process: Computers are used only by the issuing (30 percent) and processing transaction (70 percent) activities. Phone and supplies are 60 percent customer inquiries with the other 40 percent divided equally among the remaining activities, including supervising the checking operation. The supervisor spends 100 percent of his time on supervision. In addition to the 25,000 clerical hours, there are 2,000 hours of supervision used (the hours used by the supervising clerks activity, which is not listed above). Required: 1. Prepare a work distribution matrix for the five primary activities. 2. Calculate the cost of each activity. 3. What if the cost of the supervising activity is assigned to the other four activities? Why would this be done? If it is done, what is the final cost of these four primary activities?Golding Bank provided the following data about its resources and activities for its checking account process: Required: 1. Calculate the capacity cost rate for the checking account process. 2. Calculate the activity rates for the four activities. If the total number of statements issued was 20,000, calculate the cost of the issuing statements activity. 3. What if process improvements decreased the number of customer inquiries, leading to a 10 percent reduction in check processing hours and a 10,000 reduction in total resource costs? Update all the activity rates for these changes in operating conditions.Electan Company produces two types of printers. The company uses ABC, and all activity drivers are duration drivers. Electan Company is considering using DBC and has gathered the following data to help with its decision. A. Activities with duration drivers: B. Activities with consumption ratios and costs: C. Products with cycle time and practical capacity: Required: 1. Using cycle time and practical capacity for each product, calculate the total time for all primary activities. Comment on the relationship to ABC. 2. Calculate the overhead rate that DBC uses to assign costs. Comment on the relationship to a unit-based plantwide overhead rate. 3. Use the overhead rate calculated in Requirement 2 to calculate (a) the overhead cost per unit for each product, and (b) the total overhead assigned to each product. How does this compare to the ABC assignments shown in Part B of the Information set? 4. What if the units actually produced were 10,000 for Printer A and 18,000 for Printer B. Using DBC, calculate the cost of unused capacity.Patterson Company produces wafers for integrated circuits. Data for the most recent year are provided: aCalculated using number of dies as the single unit-level driver. bCalculated by multiplying the consumption ratio of each product by the cost of each activity. Required: 1. Using the five most expensive activities, calculate the overhead cost assigned to each product. Assume that the costs of the other activities are assigned in proportion to the cost of the five activities. 2. Calculate the error relative to the fully specified ABC product cost and comment on the outcome. 3. What if activities 1, 2, 5, and 8 each had a cost of 650,000 and the remaining activities had a cost of 50,000? Calculate the cost assigned to Wafer A by a fully specified ABC system and then by an approximately relevant ABC approach. Comment on the implications for the approximately relevant approach.Selected activities and other information are provided for Patterson Company for its most recent year of operations. Required: 1. Form reduced system cost pools for activities 7 and 8. 2. Assign the costs of the reduced system cost pools to Wafer A and Wafer B. 3. What if the two activities were 1 and 3? Repeat Requirements 1 and 2. What does this imply?Ripley, Inc., costs products using a normal costing system. The following data are available for last year: Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours. Required: 1. What was the predetermined overhead rate? 2. What was the applied overhead for last year? 3. Was overhead over- or underapplied, and by how much? 4. What was the total cost per unit produced (carry your answer to four significant digits)?Predetermined Overhead Rate, Application of Overhead Findley Company and Lemon Company both use predetermined overhead rates to apply manufacturing overhead to production. Findleys is based on machine hours, and Lemons is based on materials cost. Budgeted production and cost data for Findley and Lemon are as follows: At the end of the year, Findley Company had incurred overhead of 915,000 and had produced 19,600 units using 47,780 machine hours and materials costing 445,000. Lemon Company had incurred overhead of 972,000 and had produced 61,500 units using 32,650 machine hours and materials costing 1,777,500. Required: 1. Compute the predetermined overhead rates for Findley Company and Lemon Company. 2. Was overhead over- or underapplied for each company, and by how much?Craig Company uses a predetermined overhead rate to assign overhead to jobs. Because Craigs production is machine intensive, overhead is applied on the basis of machine hours. The expected overhead for the year was 5.7 million, and the practical level of activity is 375,000 machine hours. During the year, Craig used 382,500 machine hours and incurred actual overhead costs of 5.73 million. Craig also had the following balances of applied overhead in its accounts: Required: 1. Compute a predetermined overhead rate for Craig. 2. Compute the overhead variance, and label it as under- or overapplied. 3. Assuming the overhead variance is immaterial, prepare the journal entry to dispose of the variance at the end of the year. 4. Assuming the overhead variance is material, prepare the journal entry that appropriately disposes of the overhead variance at the end of the year.Departmental Overhead Rates Mariposa, Inc., produces machine tools and currently uses a plantwide overhead rate, based on machine hours. Harry Whipple, the plant manager, has heard that departmental overhead rates can offer significantly better cost assignments than can a plantwide rate. Mariposa has the following data for its two departments for the coming year: Required: 1. Compute a predetermined overhead rate for the plant as a whole based on machine hours. 2. Compute predetermined overhead rates for each department using machine hours. 3. Suppose that a machine tool (Product X75) used 60 machine hours from Department A and 150 machine hours from Department B. A second machine tool (Product Y15) used 150 machine hours from Department A and 60 machine hours from Department B. Compute the overhead cost assigned to each product using the plantwide rate computed in Requirement 1. Repeat the computation using the departmental rates found in Requirement 2. Which of the two approaches gives the fairest assignment? Why?McCourt Company produces two types of leather purees: standard and handcrafted. Both purses use equipment for cutting and stitching. The equipment also has the capability of creating standard designs. The standard purees use only these standard designs. They are all of the same size to accommodate the design features of the equipment. The handcrafted purses can be cut to any size because the designs are created manually. Many of the manually produced designs are in response to specific requests of retailers. The equipment must be specially configured to accommodate the production of a batch of purses that will receive a handcrafted design. McCourt Company assigns overhead using direct labor dollars. Muggs Clark, sales manager, is convinced that the purses are not being costed correctly. To illustrate his point, he decided to focus on the expected annual setup and machine-related costs, which are as follows: The machine has the capability of supplying 250,000 machine hours over its remaining life. Muggs also collected the expected annual prime costs for each puree, the machine hours, and the expected production (which is the normal output for the company). Required: 1. Do you think that the direct labor costs and direct materials costs are accurately traced to each type of purse? Explain. 2. The controller has suggested that overhead costs be assigned to each product using a plantwide rate based on direct labor dollars. Machine costs and setup costs are overhead costs. Assume that these are the only overhead costs. For each type of purse, calculate the overhead per unit that would be assigned using a direct labor dollars overhead rate. Do you think that these costs are traced accurately to each purse? Explain. 3. Now calculate the overhead cost per unit per purse using two overhead rates: one for the setup activity and one for the machining activity. In choosing a driver to assign the setup costs, did you use number of setups or setup hours? Why? As part of your explanation, define transaction and duration drivers. Do you think machine costs are traced accurately to each type of purse? Explain.Deoro Company has identified the following overhead activities, costs, and activity drivers for the coming year: Deoro produces two models of dishwashers with the following expected prime costs and activity demands: The companys normal activity is 8,000 direct labor hours. Required: 1. Determine the unit cost for each model using direct labor hours to apply overhead. 2. Determine the unit cost for each model using the four activity drivers. 3. Which method produces the more accurate cost assignment? Why?17ESecondary Activities Refer to the interview in Exercise 4.17 (especially to Questions 4 and 7). The general ledger reveals the following annual costs: All nonlabor resources, other than the ATM, are spread evenly among the eight credit department employees (in terms of assignment and usage). Credit department employees have no contact with ATMs. Printers and desks are used in the same ratio as computers by the various activities. Required: 1. Determine the cost of all primary and secondary activities. 2. Assign the cost of secondary activities to the primary activities.Bob Randall, cost accounting manager for Hemple Products, was asked to determine the costs of the activities performed within the companys Manufacturing Engineering Department. The department has the following activities: creating bills of materials (BOMs), studying manufacturing capabilities, improving manufacturing processes, training employees, and designing tools. The general ledger accounts reveal the following expenditures for Manufacturing Engineering: The equipment is used for two activities: improving processes and designing tools. The equipments time is divided by two activities: 40 percent for improving processes and 60 percent for designing tools. The salaries are for nine engineers, one who earns 100,000 and eight who earn 50,000 each. The 100,000 engineer spends 40 percent of her time training employees in new processes and 60 percent of her time on improving processes. One engineer spends 100 percent of her time on designing tools, and another engineer spends 100 percent of his time on improving processes. The remaining six engineers spend equal time on all activities. Supplies are consumed in the following proportions: After determining the costs of the engineering activities, Bob was then asked to describe how these costs would be assigned to jobs produced within the factory. (The company manufactures machine parts on a job-order basis.) Bob responded by indicating that creating BOMs and designing tools were the only primary activities. The remaining were secondary activities. After some analysis, Bob concluded that studying manufacturing capabilities was an activity that enabled the other four activities to be realized. He also noted that all of the employees being trained are manufacturing workersemployees who work directly on the products. The major manufacturing activities are cutting, drilling, lathing, welding, and assembly. The costs of these activities are assigned to the various products using hours of usage (grinding hours, drilling hours, etc.). Furthermore, tools were designed to enable the production of specific jobs. Finally, the process improvement activity focused only on the five major manufacturing activities. Required: 1. What is meant by unbundling general ledger costs? Why is it necessary? 2. What is the difference between a general ledger database system and an activity-based database system? 3. Using the resource drivers and direct tracing, calculate the costs of each manufacturing engineering activity. What are the resource drivers? 4. Describe in detail how the costs of the engineering activities would be assigned to jobs using activity-based costing. Include a description of the activity drivers that might be used. Where appropriate, identify both a possible transaction driver and a possible duration driver.20EBob Randall, cost accounting manager for Hemple Products, was asked to determine the costs of the activities performed within the companys Manufacturing Engineering Department. The department has the following activities: creating bills of materials (BOMs), studying manufacturing capabilities, improving manufacturing processes, training employees, and designing tools. The resource costs (from the general ledger) and the times to perform one unit of each activity are provided below. Total machine and labor hours (at practical capacity): The activity, designing tools, uses the number of tools designed as the activity driver. Using a traditional approach, the cost of the designing tools activity was determined to be 179,000 (see Exercise 4.19) with an expected activity output of 1,000 for the coming year. During the first week of the year, two jobs (Job 150 and Job 151) had a demand for 10 and 20 new tools, respectively. Required: 1. Calculate the capacity cost rate for the Manufacturing Engineering Department. 2. Using the capacity cost rate, determine the activity rates for each activity. 3. Calculate the cost of designing tools that would be assigned to each job using the TDABC-derived activity rate and then repeat using the traditional ABC rate. What might be the cause or causes that would explain the differences in the two approaches? 4. Now suppose that time for creating BOMs is 0.50 for a standard product but that creating a BOM for a custom product adds an additional 0.3 hour. Express the time equation for this added complexity and then calculate the activity rate for the activity of creating a BOM for custom products.Silven Company has identified the following overhead activities, costs, and activity drivers for the coming year: Silven produces two models of cell phones with the following expected activity demands: 1. Determine the total overhead assigned to each product using the four activity drivers. 2. Determine the total overhead assigned to each model using the two most expensive activities. The costs of the two relatively inexpensive activities are allocated to the two expensive activities in proportion to their costs. 3. Using ABC as the benchmark, calculate the percentage error and comment on the accuracy of the reduced system. Explain why this approach may be desirable.Silven Company has identified the following overhead activities, costs, and activity drivers for the coming year: Silven produces two models of cell phones with the following expected activity demands: Required: 1. Calculate the global consumption ratios for the two products. 2. Using the activity consumption ratios for number of orders and number of setups, show that the same cost assignment can be achieved using these two drivers as that of the complete, four-driver ABC system.Gee Manufacturing produces two models of camshafts used in the production of automobile engines: Regular and High Performance. Gee currently uses an ABC system to assign costs to the two products. For the coming year, the company has the following overhead activities, costs, and activity drivers: At practical capacity, the expected activity demands for each product are as follows: The production cycle time for the regular performance camshaft is 0.50 (hours per unit) and that of the high performance camshaft is 2.5 (hours per unit). Required: 1. Calculate the consumption ratios for each activity. Use these consumption ratios to assign the total overhead to each camshaft model and then calculate the overhead cost per unit for each model (round unit cost to two decimal places). 2. Calculate the total and per unit overhead assigned to each model using DBC (assume you only know cycle time, total overhead costs, and units at practical capacity). Round the overhead rate to four decimal places and the per unit overhead cost to two decimal places. How do the cost assignments compare to those of ABC? 3. Explain to Gee why DBC might be a better choice for assigning overhead costs.Cushing, Inc., costs products using a normal costing system. The following data are available for last year: Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours. What was last years per unit product cost? a. 1.39 b. 4.40 c. 4.43 d. 3.01Nonunit-level drivers are prominent in activity-based coting systems. Which of the following is a nonunit-level driver? a. Machine hours b. Direct materials c. Assembly hours d. Setup hoursPlata Company has identified the following overhead activities, costs, and activity drivers for the coming year: Plata produces two models of microwave ovens with the following activity demands: The companys normal activity is 21,000 machine hours. Calculate the total overhead cost that would be assigned to Model X using an activity-based costing system: a. 230,000 b. 240,000 c. 280,000 d. 190,000Assume that the inspection activity has an expected cost of 120,000. Expected direct labor hours are 3,000, and expected number of inspections is 600. The best activity rate for inspection is as follows: a. 40 per inspection b. 40 per hour c. 200 per inspection d. 200 per hourConsider the information given on two products and their usage of two overhead activities (setups and inspection): Suppose that machine hours are used to assign all overhead costs to the two products. Which of the following is the best answer? a. Deluxe mowers are undercosted, and regular mowers are overcosted. b. Deluxe mowers and regular mowers are accurately costed. c. Deluxe mowers are overcosted, and regular mowers are undercosted. d. Using inspection hours to assign overhead costs is the best allocation approach.Primera Company produces two products and uses a predetermined overhead rate to apply overhead. Primera currently applies overhead using a plantwide rate based on direct labor hours. Consideration is being given to the use of departmental overhead rates where overhead would be applied on the basis of direct labor hours in Department 1 and on the basis of machine hours in Department 2. At the beginning of the year, the following estimates are provided: Actual results reported by department and product during the year are as follows: Required: 1. Compute the plantwide predetermined overhead rate and calculate the overhead assigned to each product. 2. Calculate the predetermined departmental overhead rates and calculate the overhead assigned to each product. 3. Using departmental rates, compute the applied overhead for the year. What is the under- or overapplied overhead for the firm? 4. Prepare the journal entry that disposes of the overhead variance calculated in Requirement 3, assuming it is not material in amount. What additional information would you need if the variance is material to make the appropriate journal entry?Fisico Company produces exercise bikes. One of its plants produces two versions: a standard model and a deluxe model. The deluxe model has a wider and sturdier base and a variety of electronic gadgets to help the exerciser monitor heartbeat, calories burned, distance traveled, etc. At the beginning of the year, the following data were prepared for this plant: Additionally, the following overhead activity costs are reported: Required: 1. Calculate the cost per unit for each product using direct labor hours to assign all overhead costs. 2. Calculate activity rates and determine the overhead cost per unit. Compare these costs with those calculated using the unit-based method. Which cost is the most accurate? Explain.32PGlencoe First National Bank operated for years under the assumption that profitability can be increased by increasing dollar volumes. Historically, First Nationals efforts were directed toward increasing total dollars of sales and total dollars of account balances. In recent years, however, First Nationals profits have been eroding. Increased competition, particularly from savings and loan institutions, was the cause of the difficulties. As key managers discussed the banks problems, it became apparent that they had no idea what their products were costing. Upon reflection, they realized that they had often made decisions to offer a new product which promised to increase dollar balances without any consideration of what it cost to provide the service. After some discussion, the bank decided to hire a consultant to compute the costs of three products: checking accounts, personal loans, and the gold VISA. The consultant identified the following activities, costs, and activity drivers (annual data): The following annual information on the three products was also made available: In light of the new cost information, Larry Roberts, the bank president, wanted to know whether a decision made two years ago to modify the banks checking account product was sound. At that time, the service charge was eliminated on accounts with an average annual balance greater than 1,000. Based on increases in the total dollars in checking, Larry was pleased with the new product. The checking account product is described as follows: (1) checking account balances greater than 500 earn interest of 2 percent per year, and (2) a service charge of 5 per month is charged for balances less than 1,000. The bank earns 4 percent on checking account deposits. Fifty percent of the accounts are less than 500 and have an average balance of 400 per account. Ten percent of the accounts are between 500 and 1,000 and average 750 per account. Twenty-five percent of the accounts are between 1,000 and 2,767; the average balance is 2,000. The remaining accounts carry a balance greater than 2,767. The average balance for these accounts is 5,000. Research indicates that the 2,000 category was by far the greatest contributor to the increase in dollar volume when the checking account product was modified two years ago. Required: 1. Calculate rates for each activity. 2. Using the rates computed in Requirement 1, calculate the cost of each product. 3. Evaluate the checking account product. Are all accounts profitable? Compute the average annual profitability per account for the four categories of accounts described in the problem. What recommendations would you make to increase the profitability of the checking account product? (Break-even analysis for the unprofitable categories may be helpful.)Autotech Manufacturing is engaged in the production of replacement parts for automobiles. One plant specializes in the production of two parts: Part #127 and Part #234. Part #127 produced the highest volume of activity, and for many years it was the only part produced by the plant. Five years ago, Part #234 was added. Part #234 was more difficult to manufacture and required special tooling and setups. Profits increased for the first three years after the addition of the new product. In the last two years, however, the plant faced intense competition, and its sales of Part #127 dropped. In fact, the plant showed a small loss in the most recent reporting period. Much of the competition was from foreign sources, and the plant manager was convinced that the foreign producers were guilty of selling the part below the cost of producing it. The following conversation between Patty Goodson, plant manager, and Joseph Fielding, divisional marketing manager, reflects the concerns of the division about the future of the plant and its products. JOSEPH: You know, Patty, the divisional manager is real concerned about the plants trend. He indicated that in this budgetary environment, we cant afford to carry plants that dont show a profit. We shut one down just last month because it couldnt handle the competition. PATTY: Joe, you and I both know that Part #127 has a reputation for quality and value. It has been a mainstay for years. I dont understand whats happening. JOSEPH: I just received a call from one of our major customers concerning Part #127. He said that a sales representative from another firm offered the part at 20 per unit11 less than what we charge. Its hard to compete with a price like that. Perhaps the plant is simply obsolete. PATTY: No. I dont buy that. From my sources, I know we have good technology. We are efficient. And its costing a little more than 21 to produce that part. I dont see how these companies can afford to sell it so cheaply. Im not convinced that we should meet the price. Perhaps a better strategy is to emphasize producing and selling more of Part #234. Our margin is high on this product, and we have virtually no competition for it. JOSEPH: You may be right. I think we can increase the price significantly and not lose business. I called a few customers to see how they would react to a 25 percent increase in price, and they all said that they would still purchase the same quantity as before. PATTY: It sounds promising. However, before we make a major commitment to Part #234, I think we had better explore other possible explanations. I want to know how our production costs compare to those of our competitors. Perhaps we could be more efficient and find a way to earn our normal return on Part #127. The market is so much bigger for this part. Im not sure we can survive with only Part #234. Besides, my production people hate that part. Its very difficult to produce. After her meeting with Joseph, Patty requested an investigation of the production costs and comparative efficiency. She received approval to hire a consulting group to make an independent investigation. After a three-month assessment, the consulting group provided the following information on the plants production activities and costs associated with the two products: Calculated using a plantwide rate based on direct labor hours. This is the current way of assigning the plants overhead to its products. The consulting group recommended switching the overhead assignment to an activity-based approach. It maintained that activity-based cost assignment is more accurate and will provide better information for decision making. To facilitate this recommendation, it grouped the plants activities into homogeneous sets with the following costs: Required: 1. Verify the overhead cost per unit reported by the consulting group using direct labor hours to assign overhead. Compute the per-unit gross margin for each product. 2. After learning of activity-based costing, Patty asked the controller to compute the product cost using this approach. Recompute the unit cost of each product using activity-based costing. Compute the per-unit gross margin for each product. 3. Should the company switch its emphasis from the high-volume product to the low-volume product? Comment on the validity of the plant managers concern that competitors are selling below the cost of making Part #127. 4. Explain the apparent lack of competition for Part #234. Comment also on the willingness of customers to accept a 25 percent increase in price for Part #234. 5. Assume that you are the manager of the plant. Describe what actions you would take based on the information provided by the activity-based unit costs.The Bienestar Cardiology Clinic has two major activities: diagnostic and treatment. The two activities use four resources: nursing, medical technicians, cardiologists, and equipment. Detailed interviews have provided the work distribution matrix shown below. The total time estimated corresponds to practical capacity (interviewers adjusted the total time to about 80 percent of the available time). The equipment time is measured in machine hours. Thus, the total time (at practical capacity) in the system is 20,000 hours. In considering the implementation of a TDABC model, the following unit times and transaction information are also provided: Required: 1. Calculate the cost of each activity using the indicated values of the resource drivers. 2. Calculate the capacity cost rate for TDABC. Using the capacity cost rate, calculate the cost of each activity under TDABC. Compare these values with those obtained in Requirement 1 and discuss possible reasons for any differences. 3. Suppose that the actual activity driver quantities are 3,500 and 9,000. Calculate the cost of unused capacity. 4. Suppose that the clinic acquires new equipment that reduces the total time required for the two activities from 6,000 to 4,000 hours. The equipment cost remains the same. Explain how the ABC system would be updated and then describe how TDABC would provide updates. 5. Suppose that diagnosing patients without any cardiac disease takes two hours while diagnosing patients with mildly diseased hearts takes an additional 1.5 hours and those with more severe problems takes an additional two hours. Prepare a time equation and, using the capacity cost rate from Requirement 2, calculate the activity rate for each of the three types of patients.Reducir, Inc., produces two different types of hydraulic cylinders. Reducir produces a major subassembly for the cylinders in the Cutting and Welding Department. Other parts and the subassembly are then assembled in the Assembly Department. The activities, expected costs, and drivers associated with these two manufacturing processes are given below. Note: In the assembly process, the materials-handling activity is a function of product characteristics rather than batch activity. Other overhead activities, their costs, and drivers are listed below. Other production information concerning the two hydraulic cylinders is also provided: Required: 1. Using a plantwide rate based on machine hours, calculate the total overhead cost assigned to each product and the unit overhead cost. 2. Using activity rates, calculate the total overhead cost assigned to each product and the unit overhead cost. Comment on the accuracy of the plantwide rate. 3. Calculate the global consumption ratios. 4. Calculate the consumption ratios for welding and materials handling (Assembly) and show that two drivers, welding hours and number of parts, can be used to achieve the same ABC product costs calculated in Requirement 2. Explain the value of this simplification. 5. Calculate the consumption ratios for inspection and engineering, and show that the drivers for these two activities also duplicate the ABC product costs calculated in Requirement 2.Refer to the data given in Problem 4.36 and suppose that the expected activity costs are reported as follows (all other data remain the same): The per unit overhead cost using the 14 activity-based drivers is 1,108 and 779 for Cylinder A and Cylinder B, respectively. Required: 1. Determine the percentage of total costs represented by the three most expensive activities. 2. Allocate the costs of all other activities to the three activities identified in Requirement 1. Allocate the other activity costs to the three activities in proportion to their individual activity costs. Now assign these total costs to the products using the drivers of the three chosen activities. 3. Using the costs assigned in Requirement 2, calculate the percentage error using the ABC costs as a benchmark. Comment on the value and advantages of this ABC simplification.Escuha Company produces two type of calculators: scientific and business. Both products pass through two producing departments. The business calculator is by far the most popular. The following data have been gathered for these two products: Required: 1. Compute the overhead cost per unit for each product using a plantwide, unit-based rate using direct labor hours. 2. Compute the overhead cost per unit for each product using departmental rates. In calculating departmental rates, use machine hours for Department 1 and direct labor hours for Department 2. Repeat using direct labor hours for Department 1 and machine hours for Department 2. 3. Compute the overhead cost per unit for each product using activity-based costing. 4. Comment on the ability of departmental rates to improve the accuracy of product costing.What is cost measurement? Cost accumulation? What is the difference between the two?Why is actual costing rarely used for product costing?Explain the differences between job-order costing and process costing.What are some differences between a manual job-order costing system and an automated job-order costing system?5DQHow do firms collect job-related information on driver usage in an activity-based costing system?Explain the role of activity drivers in assigning costs to products.Define the following terms: expected actual activity, normal activity, practical activity, and theoretical activity.Why would some prefer normal activity to expected actual activity to compute a predetermined overhead rate?When using normal costing, how are jobs charged with overhead?Wilson Company has a predetermined overhead rate of 5 per direct labor hour. The job-order cost sheet for Job 145 shows 1,000 direct labor hours costing 10,000 and materials requisitions totaling 7,500. Job 145 had 500 units completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory. What is the cost per unit for Job 145?Why are the accounting requirements for job-order costing more demanding than those for process costing?Explain the difference between normal cost of goods sold and adjusted cost of goods sold.Amber Company produces custom framing. For one job, the trainee assigned to cut the mat set the mat dimensions incorrectly into the computer. The mat was unusable and had to be discarded; another mat was cut to the correct dimensions. How is the cost of the spoiled mat handled?Amber Company produces custom framing. For one job, the dimensions of the picture were such that the computer-controlled mat cutting device could not be used. Amber warned the customer that this was a particularly difficult job, and her normal price would be increased to reflect its difficulty. Amber herself cut the mat by hand, but the cut was not as straight as she would have liked. So, she threw out the first mat and cut another one. How is the cost of spoiled mats handled?Naranjo Company designs industrial prototypes for outside companies. Budgeted overhead for the year was 260,000, and budgeted direct labor hours were 20,000. The average wage rate for direct labor is expected to be 25 per hour. During June, Naranjo Company worked on four jobs. Data relating to these four jobs follow: Overhead is assigned as a percentage of direct labor cost. During June, Jobs 39 and 40 were completed; Job 39 was sold at 130 percent of cost. (Naranjo had originally developed Job 40 to order for a customer; however, that customer was near bankruptcy and the chance of Naranjo being paid was growing dimmer. Naranjo decided to hold Job 40 in inventory while the customer worked out its financial difficulties. Job 40 is the only job in Finished Goods Inventory.) Jobs 41 and 42 remain unfinished at the end of the month. Required: 1. Calculate the overhead rate based on direct labor cost. 2. Set up a simple job-order cost sheet for all jobs in process during June. 3. What if the expected direct labor rate at the beginning of the year was 20 instead of 25? What would the overhead rate be? How would the cost of the jobs be affected?Naranjo Company designs industrial prototypes for outside companies. Budgeted overhead for the year was 260,000, and budgeted direct labor hours were 20,000. The average wage rate for direct labor is expected to be 25 per hour. During June, Naranjo Company worked on four jobs. Data relating to these four jobs follow: Overhead is assigned as a percentage of direct labor cost. During June, Jobs 39 and 40 were completed; Job 39 was sold at 130 percent of cost. (Naranjo had originally developed Job 40 to order for a customer; however, that customer was near bankruptcy and the chance of Naranjo being paid was growing dimmer. Naranjo decided to hold Job 40 in inventory while the customer worked out its financial difficulties. Job 40 is the only job in Finished Goods Inventory.) Jobs 41 and 42 remain unfinished at the end of the month. Required: 1. Calculate the balance in Work in Process as of June 30. 2. Calculate the balance in Finished Goods as of June 30. 3. Calculate the cost of goods sold for June. 4. Calculate the price charged for Job 39. 5. What if the customer for Job 40 was able to pay for the job by June 30? What would happen to the balance in Finished Goods? What would happen to the balance of Cost of Goods Sold?Heitger Company is a job-order costing firm that uses activity-based costing to apply overhead to jobs. Heitger identified three overhead activities and related drivers. Budgeted information for the year is as follows: Heitger worked on four jobs in July. Data are as follows: By July 31, Jobs 13-43 and 13-44 were completed and sold. Jobs 13-45 and 13-46 were still in process. Required: 1. Calculate the activity rates for each of the three overhead activities. 2. Prepare job-order cost sheets for each job showing all costs through July 31. 3. Calculate the balance in Work in Process on July 31. 4. Calculate the cost of goods sold for July. 5. What if Job 13-46 required no engineering change orders? What is the new cost of Job 13-46? How would the cost of the other jobs be affected?Frieling Company installs granite countertops in customers homes. First, the customer chooses the particular granite slab, and then Frieling measures the countertop area at the customers home, cuts the granite to that shape, and installs it. The Tramel job calls for direct materials of 1,900 and direct labor of 500. Overhead is applied at the rate of 140 percent of direct labor cost. Unfortunately, one small countertop breaks during installation and Frieling must cut another piece and install it to properly complete the job. The additional rework required direct materials costing 400 and direct labor costing 100. Assume that the spoilage was due to carelessness by a Frieling worker and it is considered to be normal spoilage. Required: 1. Calculate the cost of the Tramel job. 2. Make any needed journal entry to the overhead control account. 3. What if the additional rework required 200 of direct labor? What would be the effect on the cost of the Tramel job?Frieling Company installs granite countertops in customers homes. First, the customer chooses the particular granite slab, and then Frieling measures the countertop area at the customers home, cuts the granite to that shape, and installs it. The Tramel job calls for direct materials of 1,900 and direct labor of 500. Overhead is applied at the rate of 140 percent of direct labor cost. Unfortunately, one small countertop breaks during installation and Frieling must cut another piece and install it to properly complete the job. The additional rework required direct materials costing 400 and direct labor costing 100. Assume that the spoilage was due to carelessness by a Frieling worker and it is considered to be normal spoilage. Refer to the data in Cornerstone Exercise 5.4. Now assume that the spoilage was due to the inherently fragile nature of the piece of stone picked out by the Tramels. Frieling had warned them that the chosen piece could require much more care and potentially additional work. As a result, Frieling considers this spoilage to be caused by the Tramels job. Required: 1. Calculate the cost of the Tramel job. 2. Make any needed journal entry to the overhead control account. 3. What if the additional rework required 200 of direct labor? What would be the effect on the cost of the Tramel job?6EVince Melders, of EcoScape Company, designs and installs custom lawn and garden irrigation systems for homes and businesses throughout the state. Each job is different, requiring different materials and labor for installing the systems. EcoScape estimated the following for the year: During the year, the following actual amounts were experienced: Required: 1. Should EcoScape use process costing or job-order costing? Explain. 2. If EcoScape uses a normal costing system and overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours, what is the overhead rate? What is the average actual wage rate? What is the cost of an installation that takes 3,500 of direct materials and 20 direct labor hours? 3. Explain why EcoScape would have difficulty using an actual costing system.Refer to the data in Exercise 5.7. Vince Melders, owner of EcoScape, noticed that the watering systems for many houses in a local subdivision had the same layout and required virtually identical amounts of prime cost. Vince met with the subdivision builders and offered to install a basic watering system in each house. The idea was accepted enthusiastically, so Vince created a new company, Irrigation Specialties, to handle the subdivision business. In its first three months in business, Irrigation Specialties experienced the following: Required: 1. Should Irrigation Specialties use process costing or job-order costing? Explain. 2. If Irrigation Specialties uses an actual costing system, what is the cost of a single system installed in June? In July? In August? Round your answers to the nearest dollar. 3. Now assume that Irrigation Specialties uses a normal costing system. Estimated overhead for the year is 54,000, and estimated production is 600 watering systems. What is the predetermined overhead rate per system? What is the cost of a single system installed in June? In July? In August?Reggie Wilmore has just started a new businessbuilding and installing custom garage organization systems. Reggie builds the cabinets and work benches in his workshop, then installs them in clients garages. Reggie figures his overhead for the coming year will be 12,000. Since his business is labor intensive, he plans to use direct labor hours as his overhead driver. For the coming year, he expects to complete 100 jobs, averaging 25 direct labor hours each. However, he has the capacity to complete 125 jobs averaging 25 direct labor hours each. Required: 1. Four measures of activity level were mentioned in the text. Which two measures is Reggie considering in computing a predetermined overhead rate? 2. Compute the predetermined overhead rates using each of the measures in your answer to Requirement 1. 3. Which one would you recommend that Reggie use? Why?Reggie Wilmore has just started a new businessbuilding and installing custom garage organization systems. Reggie builds the cabinets and work benches in his workshop, then installs them in clients garages. Reggie figures his overhead for the coming year will be 12,000. Since his business is labor intensive, he plans to use direct labor hours as his overhead driver. For the coming year, he expects to complete 100 jobs, averaging 25 direct labor hours each. However, he has the capacity to complete 125 jobs averaging 25 direct labor hours each. Required: 1. What source documents will Reggie need to account for costs in his new business? 2. Suppose Reggies business grows, and he expands his workshop and hires three additional carpenters to help him. What source documents will he need now?During March, Aragon Company worked on three jobs. Data relating to these three jobs follow: Overhead is assigned on the basis of direct labor hours at a rate of 8.40 per direct labor hour. During March, Jobs 78 and 79 were completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory. Job 79 was sold by the end of the month. Job 80 was the only unfinished job at the end of the month. Required: 1. Calculate the per-unit cost of Jobs 78 and 79. 2. Compute the ending balance in the work-in-process inventory account. 3. Prepare the journal entries reflecting the completion of Jobs 78 and 79 and the sale of Job 79. The selling price is 140 percent of cost.Job Cost On April 1, Sangvikar Company had the following balances in its inventory accounts: Work-in-process inventory is made up of three jobs with the following costs: During April, Sangvikar experienced the transactions listed below. a. Materials purchased on account, 29,000. b. Materials requisitioned: Job 114, 16,500; Job 115, 12,200; and Job 116, 5,000. c. Job tickets were collected and summarized: Job 114, 150 hours at 12 per hour; Job 115, 220 hours at 14 per hour; and Job 116, 80 hours at 18 per hour. d. Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor cost. e. Actual overhead was 4,415. f. Job 115 was completed and transferred to the finished goods warehouse. g. Job 115 was shipped, and the customer was billed for 125 percent of the cost. Required: 1. Calculate the predetermined overhead rate based on direct labor cost. 2. Calculate the ending balance for each job as of April 30. 3. Calculate the ending balance of Work in Process as of April 30. 4. Calculate the cost of goods sold for April. 5. Assuming that Sangvikar prices its jobs at cost plus 25 percent, calculate the price of the one job that was sold during April. (Round to the nearest dollar.)Job Cost On April 1, Sangvikar Company had the following balances in its inventory accounts: Work-in-process inventory is made up of three jobs with the following costs: During April, Sangvikar experienced the transactions listed below. a. Materials purchased on account, 29,000. b. Materials requisitioned: Job 114, 16,500; Job 115, 12,200; and Job 116, 5,000. c. Job tickets were collected and summarized: Job 114, 150 hours at 12 per hour; Job 115, 220 hours at 14 per hour; and Job 116, 80 hours at 18 per hour. d. Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor cost. e. Actual overhead was 4,415. f. Job 115 was completed and transferred to the finished goods warehouse. g. Job 115 was shipped, and the customer was billed for 125 percent of the cost. Required: 1. Prepare journal entries for the April transactions. 2. Calculate the ending balances of each of the inventory accounts as of April 30.On August 1, Cairle Companys work-in-process inventory consisted of three jobs with the following costs: During August, four more jobs were started. Information on costs added to the seven jobs during the month is as follows: Before the end of August, Jobs 70, 72, 73, and 75 were completed. On August 31, Jobs 72 and 75 were sold. Required: 1. Calculate the predetermined overhead rate based on direct labor cost. 2. Calculate the ending balance for each job as of August 31. 3. Calculate the ending balance of Work in Process as of August 31. 4. Calculate the cost of goods sold for August. 5. Assuming that Cairle prices its jobs at cost plus 20 percent, calculate Cairles sales revenue for August.On August 1, Cairle Companys work-in-process inventory consisted of three jobs with the following costs: During August, four more jobs were started. Information on costs added to the seven jobs during the month is as follows: Before the end of August, Jobs 70, 72, 73, and 75 were completed. On August 31, Jobs 72 and 75 were sold. Cairles selling and administrative expenses for August were 1,200. Required: Prepare an income statement for Cairle Company for August.Ehrling Brothers Company makes jobs to customer order. During the month of July, the following occurred: a. Materials were purchased on account for 45,670. b. Materials totaling 40,990 were requisitioned for use in producing various jobs. c. Direct labor payroll for the month was 22,400 with an average wage of 14 per hour. d. Actual overhead of 9,020 was incurred and paid in cash. e. Manufacturing overhead is charged to production at the rate of 5.50 per direct labor hour. f. Completed jobs costing 58,000 were transferred to Finished Goods. g. Jobs costing 59,000 were sold on account for 73,750. Beginning balances as of July 1 were: Required: 1. Prepare the journal entries for the preceding events. 2. Calculate the ending balances of: a. Materials Inventory b. Work-in-Process Inventory c. Overhead Control d. Finished Goods InventoryDuring August, Skyler Company worked on three jobs. Data relating to these three jobs follow: Overhead is assigned on the basis of direct labor hours at a rate of 2.30 per direct labor hour. During August, Jobs 39 and 40 were completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory. Job 40 was sold by the end of the month. Job 41 was the only unfinished job at the end of the month. Required: 1. Calculate the per-unit cost of Jobs 39 and 40. (Round unit costs to nearest cent.) 2. Compute the ending balance in the work-in-process inventory account. 3. Prepare the journal entries reflecting the completion of Jobs 39 and 40 and the sale of Job 40. The selling price is 140 percent of cost.Feldspar Company uses an ABC system to apply overhead. There are three activity rates, shown on page 251. During September, Feldspar worked on three jobs. Data relating to these jobs follow: During September, Jobs 13-280 and 13-282 were completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory. Job 13-280 was sold by the end of the month. Job 13-281 was the only unfinished job at the end of the month. Required: 1. Calculate the per-unit cost of Jobs 13-280 and 13-282. (Round unit cost to nearest cent.) 2. Compute the ending balance in the work-in-process inventory account. 3. Prepare the journal entries reflecting the completion of Jobs 13-280 and 13-282 and the sale of Job 13-280 on account. The selling price is 150 percent of cost.Kapoor Company uses job-order costing. During January, the following data were reported: a. Materials purchased on account: direct materials, 98,500; indirect materials, 14,800. b. Materials issued: direct materials, 82,500; indirect materials, 8,800. c. Labor cost incurred: direct labor, 67,000; indirect labor, 18,750. d. Other manufacturing costs incurred (all payables), 46,200. e. Overhead is applied on the basis of 110 percent of direct labor cost. f. Work finished and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory cost 230,000. g. Finished goods costing 215,000 were sold on account for 140 percent of cost. h. Any over- or underapplied overhead is closed to Cost of Goods Sold. Required: 1. Prepare journal entries to record these transactions. 2. Prepare a T-account for Overhead Control. Post all relevant information to this account. What is the ending balance in this account? 3. Prepare a T-account for Work-in-Process Inventory. Assume a beginning balance of 10,000, and post all relevant information to this account. Did you assign any actual overhead costs to Work-in-Process Inventory? Why or why not?Salazar Company is a job-order costing firm that uses activity-based costing to apply overhead to jobs. Salazar identified three overhead activities and related drivers. Budgeted information for the year is as follows: Salazar worked on five jobs in March. Data are as follows: By March 31, Jobs 15, 16, and 17 were completed and sold. The remaining jobs were in process. Required: 1. Calculate the activity rates for each of the three overhead activities. 2. Prepare job-order cost sheets for each job showing all costs through March 31. What is the cost of each job by the end of March? 3. Calculate the balance in Work in Process on March 31. 4. Calculate the cost of goods sold for March.Lorrimer Company has a job-order cost system. The following debits (credits) appeared in the Work-in-Process account for the month of June. During the month of June, direct labor totaled 30,000 and 24,000 of overhead was applied to production. Finished Goods was debited 100,000 during June. Lorrimer Company applies overhead at a predetermined rate of 80% of direct labor cost. Job number 83, the only job still in process at the end of June, has been charged with manufacturing overhead of 3,400. What was the amount of direct materials charged to Job number 83? a. 3,400 b. 4,250 c. 8,350 d. 7,580CleanCom Company specializes in cleaning commercial buildings and construction sites. Each building and site is different, requiring amounts and types of supplies and labor for each job. CleanCom estimated the following for the year: During the year, the following actual amounts were experienced: If CleanCom uses a normal costing system and overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours, what is the cost of cleaning a construction site that takes 140 of direct materials and 21 direct labor hours? a. 455 b. 508 c. 648 d. 64423EGeneva, Inc., makes two products, X and Y, that require allocation of indirect manufacturing costs. The following data were compiled by the accountants before making any allocations: The total cost of purchasing and receiving parts used in manufacturing is 60,000. The company uses a job-costing system with a single indirect cost rate. Under this system, allocated costs were 48,000 and 12,000 for X and Y, respectively. If an activity-based system is used, what would be the allocated costs for each product?25EDuring May, the following transactions were completed and reported by Jerico Company: a. Materials purchased on account, 60,100. b. Materials issued to production to fill job-order requisitions: direct materials, 50,000; indirect materials, 8,800. c. Payroll for the month: direct labor, 75,000; indirect labor, 36,000; administrative, 28,000; sales, 19,000. d. Depreciation on factory plant and equipment, 10,400. e. Property taxes on the factory accrued during the month, 1,450. f. Insurance on the factory expired with a credit to the prepaid insurance account, 6,200. g. Factory utilities, 5,500. h. Advertising paid with cash, 7,900. i. Depreciation on office equipment, 800; on sales vehicles, 1,650. j. Legal fees incurred but not yet paid for preparation of lease agreements, 750. k. Overhead is charged to production at a rate of 18 per direct labor hour. Records show 4,000 direct labor hours were worked during the month. l. Cost of jobs completed during the month, 160,000. The company also reported the following beginning balances in its inventory accounts: Required: 1. Prepare journal entries to record the transactions occurring in May. 2. Prepare T-accounts for Materials Inventory, Overhead Control, Work-in-Process Inventory, and Finished Goods Inventory. Post all relevant entries to these accounts. 3. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured. 4. If the overhead variance is all allocated to cost of goods sold, by how much will cost of goods sold decrease or increase?Firenza Company manufactures specialty tools to customer order. Budgeted overhead for the coming year is: Previously, Sanjay Bhatt, Firenza Companys controller, had applied overhead on the basis of machine hours. Expected machine hours for the coming year are 50,000. Sanjay has been reading about activity-based costing, and he wonders whether or not it might offer some advantages to his company. He decided that appropriate drivers for overhead activities are purchase orders for purchasing, number of setups for setup cost, engineering hours for engineering cost, and machine hours for other. Budgeted amounts for these drivers are 5,000 purchase orders, 500 setups, and 2,500 engineering hours. Sanjay has been asked to prepare bids for two jobs with the following information: The typical bid price includes a 40 percent markup over full manufacturing cost. Required: 1. Calculate a plantwide rate for Firenza Company based on machine hours. What is the bid price of each job using this rate? 2. Calculate activity rates for the four overhead activities. What is the bid price of each job using these rates? 3. Which bids are more accurate? Why?28PCherise Ortega, marketing manager for Romer Company, was puzzled by the outcome of two recent bids. The companys policy was to bid 150 percent of the full manufacturing cost. One job (labeled Job 97-28) had been turned down by a prospective customer, who had indicated that the proposed price was 3 per unit higher than the winning bid. A second job (Job 97-35) had been accepted by a customer, who was amazed that Romer could offer such favorable terms. This customer revealed that Romers price was 43 per unit lower than the next lowest bid. Cherise has been informed that the company was more than competitive in terms of cost control. Accordingly, she began to suspect that the problem was related to cost assignment procedures. Upon investigating, Cherise was told that the company uses a plantwide overhead rate based on direct labor hours. The rate is computed at the beginning of the year using budgeted data. Selected budgeted data are given below. Cherise also discovered that the overhead costs in Department B were higher than those in Department A because B has more equipment, higher maintenance, higher power consumption, higher depreciation, and higher setup costs. In addition to the general procedures for assigning overhead costs, Cherise was supplied with the following specific manufacturing data on Jobs 97-28 and 97-35: Required: 1. Using a plantwide overhead rate based on direct labor hours, develop the bid prices for Jobs 97-28 and 97-35 (express the bid prices on a per-unit basis). 2. Using departmental overhead rates (use direct labor hours for Department A and machine hours for Department B), develop per-unit bid prices for Jobs 97-28 and 97-35. 3. Compute the difference in gross profit that would have been earned had the company used departmental rates in its bids instead of the plantwide rate. 4. Explain why the use of departmental rates in this case provides a more accurate product cost.Lieu Company is a specialty print shop. Usually, printing jobs are priced at standard cost plus 50 percent. Job 631 involved printing 400 wedding invitations with the following standard costs: Normally, the invitations would be taken from the machine, the top one inspected for correct wording, spelling, and quality of print, and all of the invitations wrapped in plastic and stored on shelves designated for completed jobs. In this case, however, the technician decided to go to lunch before inspecting and wrapping the job. He stacked the unwrapped invitations beside the printing press and left. One hour later, he returned and found the invitations had fallen on the floor and been stepped on. It turned out that about 50 invitations were ruined and had to be discarded. An additional 50 invitations were then printed to complete the job. Required: 1. Calculate the cost of the spoiled invitations. How should the spoilage cost be accounted for? 2. What is the price of Job 631? 3. Suppose that another job, 705, also required 400 wedding invitations. The standard costs are identical to those of Job 631. However, Job 705 required an unusual color of ink that could only be obtained in a formula that was difficult to use. Lieu printers know from experience that getting this ink color to print correctly requires trial and error. In the case of Job 705, the first 50 invitations had to be discarded due to inconsistencies in the color of ink. What is the cost of the spoilage, and how would it be treated? 4. What is the price of Job 705?Warrens Sporting Goods Store sells a variety of sporting goods and clothing. In a back room, Warrens has set up heat transfer equipment to personalize T-shirts for Little League teams. Typically, each team has the name of the individual player put on the back of the T-shirt. Last week, Shona Kohlmia, coach of the Terrors, brought in a list of names for her team. Her team consisted of 12 players with the following names: Mary Kate, Kayla, Katie, Tara, Heather, Emma, Kimberleigh, Jennifer, Dayna, Elizabeth, Kyle, and Wendy. Shona was quoted a price of 0.60 per letter. Chip Russell, Warrens newest employee, took Shonas order and worked on the job. He selected the appropriate letters, arranged the letters in each name carefully on a shirt, and heat-pressed them on. When Shona returned, she was appalled to see that the names were on the front of the shirts. Jim Warren, owner of the sporting goods store, assured Shona that the letters could easily be removed by applying more heat and lifting them off. This process ruins the old letters, so new letters must then be placed correctly on the shirt backs. He promised to correct the job immediately and have it ready in an hour and a half. Costs for heat transferring are as follows: Shonas job originally took one hour and 12 minutes of direct labor time. The removal process goes more quickly and should take only 30 minutes. Required: 1. What was the original cost of Shonas job? 2. What is the cost of rework on Shonas job? Assume that Chip failed to ask whether the names should be placed on the back or the front of the shirts. How should the rework cost be treated? 3. Now assume that Shona had mistakenly told Chip to put the names on the front of the shirts. In an effort to keep his customer happy, Jim suggested that Shona pay only for the new letters and the firm would pay for the labor cost. How much did Jim charge Shona in addition to the orginal price of the job?Sutton Construction Inc. is a privately held, family-founded corporation that builds single- and multiple-unit housing. Most projects Sutton Construction undertakes involve the construction of multiple units. Sutton Construction has adopted a job-order costing system for determining the cost of each unit. The costing system is fully computerized. Each projects costs are divided into the following five categories: 1. General conditions, including construction site utilities, project insurance permits and licenses, architects fees, decorating, field office salaries, and cleanup costs. 2. Hard costs, such as subcontractors, direct materials, and direct labor. 3. Finance costs, including title and recording fees, inspection fees, and taxes and discounts on mortgages. 4. Land costs, which refer to the purchase price of the construction site. 5. Marketing costs, such as advertising, sales commissions, and appraisal fees. Recently, Sutton Construction purchased land for the purpose of developing 20 new single-family houses. The cost of the land was 250,000. Lot sizes vary from to acre. The 20 lots occupy a total of eight acres. General conditions costs for the project totaled 120,000. This 120,000 is common to all 20 units that were constructed on the building site. Job 3, the third house built in the project, occupied a-acre lot and had the following hard costs: For Job 3, finance costs totaled 4,765 and marketing costs, 800. General conditions costs are allocated on the basis of units produced. Each units selling price is determined by adding 40 percent to the total of all costs. Required: 1. Identify all production costs that are directly traceable to Job 3. Are all remaining production costs equivalent to overhead found in a manufacturing firm? Are there nonproduction costs that are directly traceable to the housing unit? Which ones? 2. Develop a job-order cost sheet for Job 3. What is the cost of building this house? Did you include finance and marketing costs in computing the unit cost? Why or why not? How did you determine the cost of land for Job 3? 3. Which of the five cost categories corresponds to overhead? Do you agree with the way in which this cost is allocated to individual housing units? Can you suggest a different allocation method? 4. Calculate the selling price of Job 3. Calculate the profit made on the sale of this unit.Dr. Alyx Hemmings is employed by Mesa Dental. Mesa Dental recently installed a computerized job-order costing system to help monitor the cost of its services. Each patient is assigned a job number when he or she checks in with the receptionist. The receptionist-bookkeeper notes the time the patient enters the treatment area and when the patient leaves the area. This difference between the entry and exit times is the number of patient hours used and the direct labor time assigned to the dental assistant. (A dental assistant is constantly with the patient.) The direct labor time assigned to the dentist is 50 percent of the patient hours. (The dentist typically splits her time between two patients.) The chart filled out by the dental assistant provides additional data that is entered into the computer. For example, the chart contains service codes that identify the nature of the treatment, such as whether the patient received a crown, a filling, or a root canal. The chart not only identifies the type of service but its level as well. For example, if a patient receives a filling, the dental assistant indicates (by a service-level code) whether the filling was one, two, three, or four surfaces. The service and service-level codes are used to determine the rate to be charged to the patient. The costs of providing different services and their levels also vary. Costs assignable to a patient consist of materials, labor, and overhead. The types of materials usedand the quantityare identified by the assistant and entered into the computer by the bookkeeper. Material prices are kept on file and accessed to provide the necessary cost information. Overhead is applied on the basis of patient hours. The rate used by Mesa Dental is 32 per patient hour. Direct labor cost is also computed using patient hours and the wage rates of the direct laborers. Dr. Hemmings is paid an average of 60 per hour for her services. Dental assistants are paid an average of 20 per hour. Given the treatment time, the software program calculates and assigns the labor cost for the dentist and her assistant; overhead cost is also assigned using the treatment time and the overhead rate. The overhead rate does not include a charge for any X-rays. The X-Ray Department is separate from dental services; X-rays are billed and costed separately. The cost of an X-ray is 12 per film; the patient is charged 15 per film. If cleaning services are required, cleaning labor costs 35 per patient hour. Glen Johnson, a patient (Job 267), spent 30 minutes in the treatment area and had a two-surface filling. He received two Novocaine shots and used three ampules of amalgam. The cost of the shots was 14 (7 each). The cost of the amalgam was 6 per ampule. Other direct materials used are insignificant in amount and are included in the overhead rate. The rate charged to the patient for a two-surface filling is 110. One X-ray was taken. Required: 1. Prepare a job-order cost sheet for Glen Johnson. What is the cost for providing a two-surface filling? What is the gross profit earned? Is the X-ray a direct cost of the service? Why are the X-rays costed separately from the overhead cost assignment? 2. Suppose that the patient time and associated patient charges are given for the following fillings: Compute the cost for each filling and the gross profit for each type of filling. Assume that the cost of Novocaine is 14 for all fillings. Ampules of amalgam start at two and increase by one for each additional surface. Assume also that only one X-ray film is needed for all four cases. Does the increase in billing rate appear to be fair to the patient? Is it fair to the dental corporation?34PWhat is a process? Provide an example that illustrates the definition.Describe the differences between process costing and job-order costing.3DQWhat are transferred-in costs?Explain why transferred-in costs are a special type of material for the receiving department.What is a production report? What purpose does this report serve?Can process costing be used for a service organization? Explain. Describe how process costing can be used for JIT manufacturing firms.What are equivalent units? Why are they needed in a process-costing system?How is the equivalent unit calculation affected when direct materials are added at the beginning of the process rather than uniformly throughout the process?Describe the five steps in accounting for the manufacturing activity of a processing department, and indicate how they interrelate.Under the weighted average method, how are prior-period costs and output treated? How are they treated under the FIFO method?Under what conditions will the weighted average and FIFO methods give essentially the same results?In assigning costs to goods transferred out, how do the weighted average and FIFO methods differ?14DQWhat is operation costing? When is it used?Lamont Company produced 80,000 machine parts for diesel engines. There were no beginning or ending work-in-process inventories in any department. Lamont incurred the following costs for May: Required: 1. Calculate the costs transferred out of each department. 2. Prepare the journal entries corresponding to these transfers. Also, prepare the journal entry for Grinding that reflects the costs added to the transferred-in goods received from Molding. 3. What if the Grinding Department had an ending WIP of 12,000? Calculate the cost transferred out and provide the journal entry that would reflect this transfer. What is the effect on finished goods calculated in Requirement 1, assuming the other two departments have no ending WIP?Lising Therapy has a physical therapist who performs electro-mechanical treatments for its patients. During April, Lising had the following cost and output information: Required: 1. Calculate the cost per treatment for April. 2. Calculate the cost of services sold for April. 3. What if Lising found a way to reduce overhead costs by 20 percent? How would this affect the profit per treatment?Fleming, Fleming, and Johnson, a local CPA firm, provided the following data for individual returns processed for March (output is measured in number of returns): Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule. 2. Prepare an equivalent units schedule. Explain why output is measured in equivalent units. 3. What if EWIP is 80 percent complete? How would this change affect the physical flow schedule? The equivalent units schedule?During October, McCourt Associates incurred total production costs of 60,000 for copyediting manuscripts and had the following equivalent units schedule: Required: 1. Calculate the cost of copyediting one manuscript for October. 2. Assign costs to manuscripts completed and to EWIP and then do a cost reconciliation. 3. What if the costs assigned to units completed and EWIP total were calculated using a unit cost of 225? What is the discrepancy between the costs assigned and the costs to account for? What could have caused an incorrect unit cost?Tomar Company produces vitamin energy drinks. The Mixing Department, the first process department, mixes the ingredients required for the drinks. The following data are for April: Direct materials are added throughout the process. Ending inventory is 60 percent complete with respect to direct labor and overhead. Required: 1. Why would a manager want a production report? 2. Prepare a production report for the Mixing Department for April.Apeto Company produces premium chocolate candy bars. Conversion costs are added uniformly. For February, EWIP is 40 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. Materials are added at the beginning of the process. The following information is provided for February: Physical flow schedule: Required: 1. Calculate the equivalent units for each input category. 2. Calculate the unit cost for each category and in total. 3. What if a different type of materials is also added at the end of the process (a candy wrapper), costing 4,800? Calculate the new unit cost.Jackson Products produces a barbeque sauce using three departments: Cooking, Mixing, and Bottling. In the Cooking Department, all materials are added at the beginning of the process. Output is measured in ounces. The production data for July are as follows: With respect to conversion costs. Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule for July. 2. Prepare an equivalent units schedule for July using the FIFO method. 3. What if 60 percent of the materials were added at the beginning of the process and 40 percent were added at the end of the process (all ingredients used are treated as the same type or category of materials)? How many equivalent units of materials would there be?Gunnison Company had the following equivalent units schedule and cost information for its Sewing Department for the month of December: Required: 1. Calculate the unit cost for December, using the FIFO method. 2. Calculate the cost of goods transferred out, calculate the cost of EWIP, and reconcile the costs assigned with the costs to account for. 3. What if you were asked for the unit cost from the month of November? Calculate Novembers unit cost and explain why this might be of interest to management.Jackson Products produces a barbeque sauce using three departments: Cooking, Mixing, and Bottling. In the Cooking Department, all materials are added at the beginning of the process. Output is measured in ounces. The production data for July are as follows: With respect to conversion costs. Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule for July. 2. Prepare an equivalent units schedule for July using the weighted average method. 3. What if you were asked to calculate the FIFO units beginning with the weighted average equivalent units? Calculate the weighted average equivalent units by subtracting out the prior-period output found in BWIP.Morrison Company had the equivalent units schedule and cost information for its Sewing Department for the month of December, as shown on the next page. Required: 1. Calculate the unit cost for December, using the weighted average method. 2. Calculate the cost of goods transferred out, calculate the cost of EWIP, and reconcile the costs assigned with the costs to account for. 3. What if you were asked to show that the weighted average unit cost for materials is the blend of the November unit materials cost and the December unit materials cost? The November unit materials cost is 6.60 (66,000/10,000), and the December unit materials cost is 12.22 (550,000/45,000). The equivalent units in BWIP are 10,000, and the FIFO equivalent units are 45,000. Calculate the weighted average unit materials cost using weights defined as the proportion of total units completed from each source (BWIP output and current output).Shorts Company has three process departments: Mixing, Encapsulating, and Bottling. At the beginning of the year, there were no work-in-process or finished goods inventories. The following data are available for the month of July: Includes only the direct materials, direct labor, and the overhead used to process the partially finished goods received from the prior department. The transferred-in cost is not included. Required: 1. Prepare journal entries that show the transfer of costs from one department to the next (including the entry to transfer the costs of the final department). 2. Prepare T-accounts for the entries made in Requirement 1. Use arrows to show the flow of costs.A local barbershop cuts the hair of 1,200 customers per month. The clients are men, and the barbers offer no special styling. During the month of May, 1,200 customers were serviced. The cost of haircuts includes the following: Required: 1. Explain why process costing is appropriate for this haircutting operation. 2. Calculate the cost per haircut. 3. Can you identify some possible direct materials used for this haircutting service? Is the usage of direct materials typical of services? If so, provide examples of services that use direct materials. Can you think of some services that would not use direct materials?Friedman Company uses JIT manufacturing. There are several manufacturing cells set up within one of its factories. One of the cells makes stands for flat-screen televisions. The cost of production for the month of April is given below. During May, 30,000 stands were produced and sold. Required: 1. Explain why process costing can be used for computing the cost of production for the stands. 2. Calculate the cost per unit for a stand. 3. Explain how activity-based costing can be used to determine the overhead assigned to the cell.Lacy, Inc., produces a subassembly used in the production of hydraulic cylinders. The subassemblies are produced in three departments: Plate Cutting, Rod Cutting, and Welding. Materials are added at the beginning of the process. Overhead is applied using the following drivers and activity rates: Other data for the Plate Cutting Department are as follows: Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule. 2. Calculate equivalent units of production for: a. Direct materials b. Conversion costs 3. Calculate unit costs for: a. Direct materials b. Conversion costs c. Total manufacturing 4. Provide the following information: a. The total cost of units transferred out b. The journal entry for transferring costs from Plate Cutting to Welding c. The cost assigned to units in ending inventorySoftkin Company manufactures sun protection lotion. The Mixing Department, the first process department, mixes the chemicals required for the repellant. The following data are for the current year: Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process. Ending inventory is 95 percent complete with respect to direct labor and overhead. Required: Prepare a production report for the Mixing Department for the current year.Heap Company manufactures a product that passes through two processes: Fabrication and Assembly. The following information was obtained for the Fabrication Department for September: a. All materials are added at the beginning of the process. b. Beginning work in process had 80,000 units, 30 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. c. Ending work in process had 17,000 units, 25 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. d. Started in process, 95,000 units. Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule. 2. Compute equivalent units using the weighted average method. 3. Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.K-Briggs Company uses the FIFO method to account for the costs of production. For Crushing, the first processing department, the following equivalent units schedule has been prepared: The cost per equivalent unit for the period was as follows: The cost of beginning work in process was direct materials, 40,000; conversion costs, 30,000. Required: 1. Determine the cost of ending work in process and the cost of goods transferred out. 2. Prepare a physical flow schedule.The following data are for four independent process-costing departments. Inputs are added continuously. Required: Compute the equivalent units of production for each of the preceding departments using the weighted average method.Using the data from Exercise 6.18, compute the equivalent units of production for each of the four departments using the FIFO method. The following data are for four independent process-costing departments. Inputs are added continuously.Holmes Products, Inc., produces plastic cases used for video cameras. The product passes through three departments. For April, the following equivalent units schedule was prepared for the first department: Costs assigned to beginning work in process: direct materials, 90,000; conversion costs, 33,750. Manufacturing costs incurred during April: direct materials, 75,000; conversion costs, 220,000. Holmes uses the weighted average method. Required: 1. Compute the unit cost for April. 2. Determine the cost of ending work in process and the cost of goods transferred out.Dama Company produces womens blouses and uses the FIFO method to account for its manufacturing costs. The product Dama makes passes through two processes: Cutting and Sewing. During April, Damas controller prepared the following equivalent units schedule for the Cutting Department: Costs in beginning work in process were direct materials, 20,000; conversion costs, 80,000. Manufacturing costs incurred during April were direct materials, 240,000; conversion costs, 320,000. Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule for April. 2. Compute the cost per equivalent unit for April. 3. Determine the cost of ending work in process and the cost of goods transferred out. 4. Prepare the journal entry that transfers the costs from Cutting to Sewing.Fordman Company has a product that passes through two processes: Grinding and Polishing. During December, the Grinding Department transferred 20,000 units to the Polishing Department. The cost of the units transferred into the second department was 40,000. Direct materials are added uniformly in the second process. Units are measured the same way in both departments. The second department (Polishing) had the following physical flow schedule for December: Costs in beginning work in process for the Polishing Department were direct materials, 5,000; conversion costs, 6,000; and transferred in, 8,000. Costs added during the month: direct materials, 32,000; conversion costs, 50,000; and transferred in, 40,000. Required: 1. Assuming the use of the weighted average method, prepare a schedule of equivalent units. 2. Compute the unit cost for the month.Using the same data found in Exercise 6.22, assume the company uses the FIFO method. Required: Prepare a schedule of equivalent units, and compute the unit cost for the month of December. Fordman Company has a product that passes through two processes: Grinding and Polishing. During December, the Grinding Department transferred 20,000 units to the Polishing Department. The cost of the units transferred into the second department was 40,000. Direct materials are added uniformly in the second process. Units are measured the same way in both departments. The second department (Polishing) had the following physical flow schedule for December: Costs in beginning work in process for the Polishing Department were direct materials, 5,000; conversion costs, 6,000; and transferred in, 8,000. Costs added during the month: direct materials, 32,000; conversion costs, 50,000; and transferred in, 40,000.Baxter Company has two processing departments: Assembly and Finishing. A predetermined overhead rate of 10 per DLH is used to assign overhead to production. The company experienced the following operating activity for April: a. Materials issued to Assembly, 24,000 b. Direct labor cost: Assembly, 500 hours at 9.20 per hour; Finishing, 400 hours at 8 per hour c. Overhead applied to production d. Goods transferred to Finishing, 32,500 e. Goods transferred to finished goods warehouse, 20,500 f. Actual overhead incurred, 10,000 Required: 1. Prepare the required journal entries for the preceding transactions. 2. Assuming Assembly and Finishing have no beginning work-in-process inventories, determine the cost of each departments ending work-in-process inventories.Tasty Bread makes and supplies bread throughout the state of Kansas. Three types of bread are produced: loaves, rolls, and buns. Seven operations describe the production process. a. Mixing: Flour, milk, yeast, salt, butter, and so on, are mixed in a large vat. b. Shaping: A conveyor belt transfers the dough to a machine that weighs it and shapes it into loaves, rolls, or buns, depending on the type being produced. c. Rising: The individually shaped dough is allowed to sit and rise. d. Baking: The dough is moved to a 100-foot-long funnel oven. (The dough enters the oven on racks and spends 20 minutes moving slowly through the oven.) e. Cooling: The bread is removed from the oven and allowed to cool. f. Slicing: For loaves and buns (hamburger and hot dog), the bread is sliced. g. Packaging: The bread is wrapped (packaged). Tasty produces its products in batches. The size of the batch depends on the individual orders that must be filled (orders come from retail grocers throughout the state). Usually, as soon as one batch is mixed, a second batch begins the mixing operation. Required: 1. Identify the conditions that must be present for operation costing to be used in this setting. If these conditions are not met, explain how process costing would be used. If process costing is used, would you recommend the weighted average method or the FIFO method? Explain. 2. Assume that operation costing is the best approach for this bread manufacturer. Describe in detail how you would use operation costing. Use a batch of dinner rolls (consisting of 1,000 packages of 12 rolls) and a batch of whole wheat loaves (consisting of 5,000, 24-oz. sliced loaves) as examples.Under either weighted average or FIFO, when materials are added at the beginning of a process, rather than being added uniformly throughout the process, a unit cost should be calculated for the a. materials and conversion categories b. conversion category only c. materials category only d. labor category onlyDuring the month of June, the mixing department produced and transferred out 3,500 units. Ending work in process had 1,000 units, 40 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. There was no beginning work in process. The equivalent units of output for conversion costs for the month of June are: a. 3,500 b. 4,500 c. 3,900 d. 1,000As goods are transferred from a prior process to a subsequent process, the following entry to record the cost of abnormal spoilage would be made: a. debit Work in Process (subsequent department) and credit Work in Process (prior department) b. debit Abnormal Spoilage Loss and credit Work in Process (prior department) c. debit Finished Goods and credit Work in Process (prior department) d. debit Finished Goods and credit Abnormal LossDuring March, Hanks Manufacturing started and completed 30,000 units. In beginning work in process, there were 5,000 units 60 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. Materials are added at the beginning of the process. In EWIP there were 10,000 units 40 percent complete for conversion costs. Using FIFO, the equivalent units of materials and conversion costs are, respectively: a. 45,000, 36,000 b. 40,000, 36,000 c. 45,000, 34,000 d. 40,000, 34,000Proteger Company manufactures insect repellant lotion. The Mixing Department, the first process department, mixes the chemicals required for the repellant. The following data are for the current year: Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process. Ending inventory is 95 percent complete with respect to direct labor and overhead. The cost of goods transferred out for the year is: a. 4,471,200 b. 3,571,200 c. 3,780,000 d. 3,024,000Swasey Fabrication, Inc., manufactures frames for bicycles. Each frame passes through three processes: Cutting, Welding, and Painting. In September, the Cutting Department of the Tulsa, Oklahoma, plant reported the following data: a. In Cutting, all direct materials are added at the beginning of the process. b. Beginning work in process consisted of 40,500 units, 20 percent complete with respect to direct labor and overhead. Costs in beginning inventory included direct materials, 1,215,000; direct labor, 222,600; and applied overhead, 150,000. c. Costs added to production during the month were direct materials, 2,565,000; direct labor, 3,471,150. Overhead was assigned using the following information: d. At the end of the month, 121,500 units were transferred out to Welding, leaving 13,500 units in ending work in process, or 25 percent complete. Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule. 2. Calculate equivalent units of production for direct materials and conversion costs. 3. Compute unit cost under weighted average. 4. Calculate the cost of goods transferred to Welding at the end of the month. Calculate the cost of ending inventory. 5. Prepare the journal entry that transfers the goods from Cutting to Welding.Refer to the data in Problem 6.31. Assume that the FIFO method is used. Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule. 2. Calculate equivalent units of production for direct materials and conversion costs. 3. Compute unit cost. Round to three decimal places. 4. Calculate the cost of goods transferred to Painting at the end of the month. Calculate the cost of ending inventory.Hatch Company produces a product that passes through three processes: Fabrication, Assembly, and Finishing. All manufacturing costs are added uniformly for all processes. The following information was obtained for the Fabrication Department for December: a. Work in process, June 1, had 90,000 units (40 percent completed) and the following costs: b. During the month of June, 180,000 units were completed and transferred to the Assembly Department, and the following costs were added to production: c. On June 30, there were 45,000 partially completed units in process. These units were 80 percent complete. Required: Prepare a cost of production report for the Fabrication Department for June using the weighted average method of costing. The report should disclose the physical flow of units, equivalent units, and unit costs and should track the disposition of manufacturing costs.FIFO Method, Single Department Analysis, One Cost Category Refer to the data in Problem 6.33. Required: Prepare a cost of production report for the Fabrication Department for December using the FIFO method of costing.Hepworth Credit Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of a large manufacturer of computers. Hepworth is in the business of financing computers, software, and other services that the parent corporation sells. Hepworth has two departments that are involved in financing services: the Credit Department and the Business Practices Department. The Credit Department receives requests for financing from field sales representatives, records customer information on a preprinted form, and then enters the information into the computer system to check the creditworthiness of the customer. (Other actions may be taken if the customer is not in the database.) Once creditworthiness information is known, a printout is produced with this information plus other customer-specific information. The completed form is transferred to the Business Practices Department. The Business Practices Department modifies the standard loan covenant as needed (in response to customer request or customer risk profile). When this activity is completed, the loan is priced. This is done by keying information from the partially processed form into a personal computer spreadsheet program. The program provides a recommended interest rate for the loan. Finally, a form specifying the loan terms is attached to the transferred-in document. A copy of the loan-term form is sent to the sales representative and serves as the quote letter. The following cost and service activity data for the Business Practices Department are provided for the month of May: All materials and supplies are used at the end of the process Required: 1. How would you define the output of the Business Practices Department? 2. Using the FIFO method, prepare the following for the Business Practices Department: a. A physical flow schedule b. An equivalent units schedule c. Calculation of unit costs d. Cost of ending work in process and cost of units transferred out e. A cost reconciliationMuskoge Company uses a process-costing system. The company manufactures a product that is processed in two departments: Molding and Assembly. In the Molding Department, direct materials are added at the beginning of the process; in the Assembly Department, additional direct materials are added at the end of the process. In both departments, conversion costs are incurred uniformly throughout the process. As work is completed, it is transferred out. The following table summarizes the production activity and costs for February: Required: 1. Using the weighted average method, prepare the following for the Molding Department: a. A physical flow schedule b. An equivalent units calculation c. Calculation of unit costs. Round to four decimal places. d. Cost of ending work in process and cost of goods transferred out e. A cost reconciliation 2. Prepare journal entries that show the flow of manufacturing costs for the Molding Department. Materials are added at the beginning of the process. 3. Repeat Requirements 1 and 2 for the Assembly Department.37PHealthway uses a process-costing system to compute the unit costs of the minerals that it produces. It has three departments: Mixing, Tableting, and Bottling. In Mixing, at the beginning of the process all materials are added and the ingredients for the minerals are measured, sifted, and blended together. The mix is transferred out in gallon containers. The Tableting Department takes the powdered mix and places it in capsules. One gallon of powdered mix converts to 1,600 capsules. After the capsules are filled and polished, they are transferred to Bottling where they are placed in bottles, which are then affixed with a safety seal and a lid and labeled. Each bottle receives 50 capsules. During July, the following results are available for the first two departments (direct materials are added at the beginning in both departments): Overhead in both departments is applied as a percentage of direct labor costs. In the Mixing Department, overhead is 200 percent of direct labor. In the Tableting Department, the overhead rate is 150 percent of direct labor. Required: 1. Prepare a production report for the Mixing Department using the weighted average method. Follow the five steps outlined in the chapter. Round unit cost to three decimal places. 2. Prepare a production report for the Tableting Department. Materials are added at the beginning of the process. Follow the five steps outlined in the chapter. Round unit cost to four decimal places.FIFO Method, Two-Department Analysis Refer to the data in Problem 6.38. Required: Prepare a production report for each department using the FIFO method.Jacson Company produces two brands of a popular pain medication: regular strength and extra strength. Regular strength is produced in tablet form, and extra strength is produced in capsule form. All direct materials needed for each batch are requisitioned at the start. The work orders for two batches of the products are shown below, along with some associated cost information: In the Mixing Department, conversion costs are applied on the basis of direct labor hours. Budgeted conversion costs for the department for the year were 60,000 for direct labor and 190,000 for overhead. Budgeted direct labor hours were 5,000. It takes one minute of labor time to mix the ingredients needed for a 100-unit bottle (for either product). In the Bottling Department, conversion costs are applied on the basis of machine hours. Budgeted conversion costs for the department for the year were 400,000. Budgeted machine hours were 20,000. It takes one-half minute of machine time to fill a bottle of 100 units. Required: 1. What are the conversion costs applied in the Mixing Department for each batch? The Bottling Department? 2. Calculate the cost per bottle for the regular and extra strength pain medications. 3. Prepare the journal entries that record the costs of the 12,000 regular strength batch as it moves through the various operations. 4. Suppose that the direct materials are requisitioned by each department as needed for a batch. For the 12,000 regular strength batch, direct materials are requisitioned for the Mixing and Bottling departments. Assume that the amount of cost is split evenly between the two departments. How will this change the journal entries made in Requirement 3?Golding Manufacturing, a division of Farnsworth Sporting, Inc., produces two different models of bows and eight models of knives. The bow-manufacturing process involves the production of two major subassemblies: the limbs and the handle. The limbs pass through four sequential processes before reaching final assembly: lay-up, molding, fabricating, and finishing. In the Lay-Up Department, limbs are created by laminating layers of wood. In Molding, the limbs are heat treated, under pressure, to form a strong resilient limb. In the Fabricating Department, any protruding glue or other processing residue is removed. Finally, in Finishing, the limbs are cleaned with acetone, dried, and sprayed with the final finishes. The handles pass through two processes before reaching final assembly: pattern and finishing. In the Pattern Department, blocks of wood are fed into a machine that is set to shape the handles. Different patterns are possible, depending on the machines setting. After coming out of the machine, the handles are cleaned and smoothed. They then pass to the Finishing Department where they are sprayed with the final finishes. In Final Assembly, the limbs and handles are assembled into different models using purchased parts such as pulley assemblies, weight adjustment bolts, side plates, and string. Golding, since its inception, has been using process costing to assign product costs. A predetermined overhead rate is used based on direct labor dollars (80 percent of direct labor dollars). Recently, Golding has hired a new controller, Karen Jenkins. After reviewing the product costing procedures, Karen requested a meeting with the divisional manager, Aaron Suhr. The following is a transcript of their conversation: KAREN: Aaron, I have some concerns about our cost accounting system. We make two different models of bows and are treating them as if they were the same product. Now I know that the only real difference between the models is the handle. The processing of the handles is the same, but the handles differ significantly in the amount and quality of wood used. Our current costing does not reflect this difference in direct material input. AARON: Your predecessor is responsible. He believed that tracking the difference in direct material cost wasnt worth the effort. He simply didnt believe that it would make much difference in the unit cost of either model. KAREN: Well, he may have been right, but I have my doubts. If there is a significant difference, it could affect our views of which model is more important to the company. The additional bookkeeping isnt very stringent. All we have to worry about is the Pattern Department. The other departments fit what I view as a process-costing pattern. AARON: Why dont you look into it? If there is a significant difference, go ahead and adjust the costing system. After the meeting, Karen decided to collect cost data on the two models: the Deluxe model and the Econo model. She decided to track the costs for one week. At the end of the week, she had collected the following data from the Pattern Department: a. There were a total of 2,500 bows completed: 1,000 Deluxe models and 1,500 Econo models. b. There was no beginning work in process; however, there were 300 units in ending work in process: 200 Deluxe and 100 Econo models. Both models were 80 percent complete with respect to conversion costs and 100 percent complete with respect to direct materials. c. The Pattern Department experienced the following costs: d. On an experimental basis, the requisition forms for direct materials were modified to identify the dollar value of the direct materials used by the Econo and Deluxe models: Required: 1. Compute the unit cost for the handles produced by the Pattern Department, assuming that process costing is totally appropriate. 2. Compute the unit cost of each handle, using the separate cost information provided on materials. 3. Compare the unit costs computed in Requirements 1 and 2. Is Karen justified in her belief that a pure process-costing relationship is not appropriate? Describe the costing system that you would recommend. 4. In the past, the marketing manager has requested more money for advertising the Econo line. Aaron has repeatedly refused to grant any increase in this products advertising budget because its per-unit profit (selling price less manufacturing cost) is so low. Given the results in Requirements 1 through 3, was Aaron justified in his position?Larkin Company produces leather strips for western belts using three processes: cutting, design and coloring, and punching. The weighted average method is used for all three departments. The following information pertains to the Design and Coloring Department for the month of June: a. There was no beginning work in process. b. There were 400,000 units transferred in from the Cutting Department. c. Ending work in process, June 30: 50,000 strips, 80 percent complete with respect to conversion costs. d. Units completed and transferred out: 330,000 strips. The following costs were added during the month: a. Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process. b. Inspection takes place at the end of the process. All spoilage is considered normal. Required: 1. Calculate equivalent units of production for transferred-in materials, direct materials added, and conversion costs. 2. Calculate unit costs for the three categories of Requirement 1. 3. What is the total cost of units transferred out? What is the cost of ending work-in-process inventory? How is the cost of spoilage treated? 4. Assume that all spoilage is considered abnormal. Now, how is spoilage treated? Give the journal entry to account for the cost of the spoiled units. Some companies view all spoilage as abnormal. Explain why. 5. Assume that 80 percent of the units spoiled are abnormal and 20 percent are normal spoilage. Show the spoilage treatment for this scenario.Novel Toys, Inc., manufactures plastic water guns. Each guns left and right frames are produced in the Molding Department. The left and right frames are then transferred to the Assembly Department where the trigger mechanism is inserted and the halves are glued together. (The left and right halves together define the unit of output for the Molding Department.) In June, the Molding Department reported the following data: a. In the Molding Department, all direct materials are added at the beginning of the process. b. Beginning work in process consisted of 3,000 units, 20 percent complete with respect to direct labor and overhead. Costs in beginning inventory included direct materials, 450; and conversion costs, 138. c. Costs added to production during the month were direct materials, 950; and conversion costs, 2,174.50. d. Inspection takes place at the end of the process. Malformed units are discarded. All spoilage is considered abnormal. e. During the month, 7,000 units were started, and 8,000 good units were transferred out to Finishing. All other units finished were malformed and discarded. There were 1,000 units that remained in ending work in process, 25 percent complete. Required: 1. Prepare a physical flow schedule. 2. Calculate equivalent units of production using the weighted average method. 3. Calculate the unit cost. 4. What is the cost of goods transferred out? Ending work in process? Loss due to spoilage? 5. Prepare the journal entry to remove spoilage from the Molding Department.44PDescribe the two-stage allocation process for assigning support service costs to products in a traditional manufacturing environment.Why must support service costs be assigned to products for purposes of inventory valuation?Explain how allocation of support service costs is useful for planning and control and in making pricing decisions.